Please Read Chapter 10 and Answer the Following Questions

Please read chapter 10 and answer the following questions: 1. (Varieties of Oligopolies) do the firms in an oligopoly act independently or interdependently? Explain your answer. 2. (Price Leadership) why might a price–leadership model of oligopoly not be an effective means of collusion in an oligopoly? * Price leadership practices violate US anti-trust laws. * The more differentiated the product is, the less effective price leadership is as a means of collusion. * There is no guarantee firms will follow the leader forcing the leading firm to reduce prices. * Cheating may occur. * A new entry can destabilize the price leaders position†¦ -If a price leader in an oligopolistic market sets price and output in order†¦show more content†¦If both students sign the statement, each will receive an â€Å"F† for the course. If only one signs, he is allowed to withdraw from the course while the other student is expelled. If neither signs, both receive a â€Å"C† since the professor does not have sufficient evidence to prove cheating. Which outcome do you expect? Why? * Prisoners’ Dilemma†¦ * In this case, both students will probably confess if they’re coherent about life. Why? Because each Student gets a better payoff by confessing no matter what the other the student does. Student #1 thinks, â€Å"I don’t know what student # 2 is going to do, so if I confess it’s the best way to keep myself from getting expelled. If he keeps quiet, I get a â€Å"C†. Yet if he confesses, I get expelled instead of receiving an â€Å"F† for the course.† In other words, confessing is the only way to keep the other Student from being able to get me expelled. 5.(Market Structures) Determine whether each of the following is a characteristic of perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and/or monopoly: a. A large number of sellers /†¦ Perfect competition b. Product is a commodity†¦/ Government Monopoly (Utility) c. Advertising by firms†¦/ Oligopoly d. Barriers to entry†¦ / Monopoly e. Firms that are price makers†¦/a monopoly is a price maker as it holds a large amount of power over the price it charges. 6. OPEC is theShow MoreRelatedWeek Three Discussion1061 Words   |  5 PagesType your name here Before you begin, save this document to your computer. You will need to submit your answers in the area indicated below. | As a member of a medical professional team, you will work closely with many physicians. 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Love And Its Fleeting Properties - 2722 Words

Love and Its Fleeting Properties Love has quite the reputation in today’s world. For all of time it has been a phenomenon that was once unexplained, and even now that science has some answers, it is often regarded as magic. A little girl watches countless movies about a princess and prince who fall in love and live happily ever after. She grows up with the core belief that she will have a similar fate. Some point in her life, she will find â€Å"the one† and everything will fall into place. No more searching. Boys are not exposed to the concept of love until later on, but nevertheless they come to the same conclusion: one meeting, fall in love, get married, endless happiness. People are convinced that love is real and it lasts forever. Does it,†¦show more content†¦The first stage is lust. Lust is the feeling one experiences when they see an attractive person who peaks their interest, and immediately becomes the object of their desire. The second stage is attraction. When someone is in this st age, the majority of their thoughts are consumed by the other person. This is what is considered to be â€Å"head over heels† for someone. The individual cannot sleep at night, and their appetite may even diminish. There are a group of monoamines, which are neurotransmitters that play a role. These chemicals are familiar to many people. The first is dopamine, the neurotransmitter that is also released when someone consumes caffeine or nicotine. Dopamine levels are also raised by the use of certain illegal substances, as well as alcohol. This surge of dopamine is what leads to addiction. When it comes to love, the higher levels of dopamine when one is falling in love with another person causes them to become â€Å"addicted† to that person and their affection. The second is norepinephrine aka adrenaline. When norepinephrine is released, the heart rate increases and sweating is induced. At the same time, it â€Å"which heightens attention, short-term memory, hyperactivity, sleeplessness and goal-oriented behavior. In other words, couples in this stage of love focus intently on the relationship and often on little else† (Howstuffworks.com). On top of the clouds with little else on their minds, the person in love

The Forbidden Game The Chase Chapter 6 Free Essays

string(93) " maybe if he sees he’s got human competition, he’ll get a little more motivated\." It was that psychic,† Dee said promptly. â€Å"She looked like a case of peroxide on the brain to me.† â€Å"No,† said Michael. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"You know what it really is?† Jenny thought he was going to make a joke, but for once he was serious. â€Å"It’s battle fatigue. We’ve all got it. We’re stressed to the max, and we’re seeing-and hearing-things that aren’t there.† It was the next day. They were all sitting on the grassy knoll-all but Tom, of course. Jenny was surprised that Zach had shown up. After what she’d said to him at lunch yesterday, she’d have thought he’d have withdrawn from them all. But he was in his place, long legs folded under him, ashy-blond head bent over his lunch. Jenny herself had no appetite. â€Å"The calls weren’t hallucinations,† she said. It was all she could do to keep her voice steady. â€Å"Okay, the last one might have been a dream-I woke up my parents screaming, and they said they didn’t hear the phone ring. But the other times-I was walking around, Michael. I was awake.† â€Å"No, no, I’m not saying the phone calls aren’t real. I’m saying the phone rang, and maybe somebody even whispered something at you-or maybe it was just static-but you imagined what it was saying. You put your own interpretation on the sounds. You didn’t hear vanished until the psychic said vanished, right?† â€Å"Yes,† Jenny said slowly. In the bright May sunshine, the terror of last night seemed less real. â€Å"But-it wasn’t like imagining it. I heard the sounds the first time when the phone rang at school, and in the end they came clear. And the word made sense. Not vanished, but famished-it fit in with those eyes.† â€Å"But that’s just why you imagined it.† Michael was waving a box of Cracker Jack, warming to his subject. â€Å"Maybe imagined isn’t the right word. See, your brain is like a modeling system. It takes the input it gets from your senses and makes the most reasonable model it can from it. But when you’re really stressed, it can take that input-like somebody whispering nonsense on the phone-and make the wrong model out of it. Your brain hears something that isn’t there. It seems real because it is real-to your brain.† Dee was frowning, clearly not liking the idea of not relying on her brain. â€Å"Yes, but it isn’t real.† â€Å"It’s as real as any of the other models your brain makes all day. Like-last night I was doing homework in my living room, and my brain made a model of a coffee table. That’s what it thought of the images my eyes were showing it. It took wood and rectangular and matched that with coffee table, and I recognized it. But if I was really stressed, I might see wood and rectangular, and my brain might make a model of a coffin. Especially if I’d been asleep or if I was already thinking about coffins. See?† Jenny did, sort of. â€Å"But the coffin still wouldn’t be real,† Dee argued. â€Å"But how could I tell? â€Å"Easy. You could touch it-† â€Å"Touching’s just another sense. It could be fooled, too. No, if a model’s good enough, there would be no way to tell it wasn’t real,† Michael said. It made sense, Jenny thought. It was like the dog yesterday evening. She’d been jumping at shadows because she was so frightened. She sat back on the grassy knoll and let out a deep breath. The knot in her stomach had eased slightly-and now she could worry about other things. Like Tom. As long as he wasn’t there, things wouldn’t be right. The others were talking around her. â€Å"-we covered about half the streets yesterday,† Dee was saying, â€Å"but we didn’t find anything-† â€Å"I found blisters,† Michael put in. â€Å"And if I keep missing my kung fu classes I’m not going to live through the next competition,† Dee finished. â€Å"You think you’ve got problems? I found scratches all over the hood of the Spider this morning,† Audrey said. â€Å"Daddy’s going to kill me when he sees it.† She told the story of the dog that had followed them. Michael spilled his Cracker Jack in triumph. â€Å"You see? More modeling,† he said. But Audrey pushed down her designer sunglasses with one finger to stare over them. â€Å"Jenny?† she said. â€Å"What’s wrong?† They were all looking at her. Jenny could feel her lips tremble slightly, but she tried to sound off-hand. â€Å"It’s just-Tom and I had a fight. And we sort of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She shrugged. â€Å"Well, I don’t know if we’re together anymore or not.† They all stared as if she’d said the world was ending in a few minutes. Then Michael whistled and ran his hands through his hair, rumpling it even more wildly. Dee, who normally scorned anything to do with romance, put a slender, night-dark hand on Jenny’s arm. Audrey’s eyebrows were hiked up into her spiky copper bangs. Zach shook his head, a distant flicker of ice in his winter-gray eyes. Audrey was the first to recover. â€Å"Don’t worry, chiri,† she said, taking the sunglasses off and snapping them into a case briskly. â€Å"It’s not permanent. Tom just needs some stirring up. Guys need to be reminded of their place every so often,† she added with a severe glance at Michael, who spluttered. â€Å"No. It wasn’t a regular fight. It was about him-Julian. He thinks I belong to Julian or something, like one of those horrible old movies. Bride of the Devil. He thinks he’s lost me already, so why compete?† She told them about it as best she could. Audrey listened, her narrowed eyes turned in the direction of the English building. Suddenly her lips curved in a catlike smile. â€Å"Clearly, drastic measures are called for. And I have an idea,† she said. â€Å"What idea?† Audrey nodded toward the building. Taped to the brick was a large poster reading: Come to the Midnight Masquerade. â€Å"Voila.† â€Å"Voila?† Jenny said blankly. â€Å"The prom. Brian Dettlinger. Yesterday. Remember?† â€Å"Yes, but-â€Å" â€Å"You said Tom thinks he can’t compete with a demon lover. But maybe if he sees he’s got human competition, he’ll get a little more motivated. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 6" in category "Essay examples"† Jenny stared at her. It was crazy-and it just might work. â€Å"But I told Brian no. He’ll have another date by now.† â€Å"I don’t think so,† Audrey hummed. â€Å"I got the dirt from Amy Cheng yesterday in algebra. Brian dumped Karen Lalonde to ask you.† Jenny blinked. Karen Lalonde was the head cheerleader. Beautiful. Brilliant. Magnetic. â€Å"He dumped her-for me?† â€Å"They’ve been on the rocks for a while. Karen’s been seeing Davoud Changizi on the side. But Brian put up with it until now.† â€Å"But-â€Å" â€Å"Listen to me, Jenny. After what Tom’s done, who can blame you for looking elsewhere? Besides, you’ll probably have a great time-it’s Brian Dettlinger, for heaven’s sake. I tell you what; I’ll even go with you. I know I can rustle up a date somewhere.† Michael yowled in protest. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Now, Michael, don’t fuss. I’m not going fox fun; it’s like Mother’s charities-all for a good cause, Don’t you want Jenny and Tom to get back together?† Michael was spluttering again. But Dee was grinning her wildest grin. â€Å"Go on, Sunshine,† she said. â€Å"Make it happen.† Zach crumpled his lunch sack, looking bored with the whole situation. â€Å"Now, come on,† Audrey said. â€Å"If we hurry, we should be able to find him before the bell rings. Allez! This will be easy.† It was. Brian looked surprised when Jenny walked up-but a light went on in his eyes. Seeing that light, Jenny suddenly knew that he hadn’t found another date. It was odd having a senior look at her like that. Suddenly Jenny wondered again if it was fair to do this. She thought about Aba’s maxims, the ones Dee’s grandmother had taped to the mirror in her bathroom. A simple hand-lettered sign saying: Do no harm. Help when you can. Return good for evil. In the Game Jenny had understood how necessary those maxims were if the world wasn’t going to become the kind of place Julian said it was. She’d resolved to live by them. This didn’t seem to fit. But it was too late now. Audrey was talking with Brian, teasing him, letting him know what Jenny was there for. It was all being arranged. â€Å"I’ll pick you up at seven,† Brian was saying, and there was something like excitement in his face. He was looking at her eyes, at her hair across her shoulders. She could hardly tell him she’d changed her mind now. â€Å"Fine,† Jenny said weakly and let Audrey lead her away. What have I done? I don’t even have a dress-The bell rang. Jenny, Michael, and Audrey had algebra together, then Jenny went to computer applications. That was where Michael’s theory about brain modeling was put to the test. It started with the keyboard fouling up. Jenny’s partner was absent, so she was alone at her computer, a glacier-slow IBM clone. She was typing in her name when the I key stuck She’d barely touched it with her right index finger, but the Js went on and on across the line. They got to the right margin and went on, got to the edge of the screen and went on. The screen scanned right and the rest of Jenny’s document moved jerkily to the left, disappearing She stared in horror, her first thought that she’d broken the computer. Jenny loved computers, unlike Dee who hated technology, but she had to admit there was something a little odd about them, a little unnerving. As if things might happen unexpected!) there on screen. When she was a kid, after a day of playing with her dad’s PC, Jenny had sometimes had dreams of bizarre scenes and impossible games appearing on the monitor. As if a computer wasn’t just a machine but some kind of connection that could hook into the unknown. Now her eyes widened as the Js went on. On and on and on. That wasn’t right-that couldn’t be. Where was word wrap? The letters should just fall down onto the next line. They didn’t. They kept going. A line of s hitting the edge of the screen and then ebbing back as the screen scanned right, then surging to the edge again. Like a snake. Or something pulsing.p Jenny’s little fingers were tingling; there was a crawling between her shoulder blades. This was wrong. She had a dreadful feeling of the physical distance the line of Js had traveled. It was as if she were out in space somewhere, far to the right of her original document-and going on farther. She was lost somewhere in virtual space, and she was terrified of what she might see there. JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Jenny had been pressing Escape continuously since the key had stuck. Now she hit Enter to put in a hard return, to break the line. Nothing happened. WJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Oh, God, what was out here? What were the s heading for? Something miles to the side of her original document, something that just couldn’t be there because there wasn’t room for it. She was beyond any possible margins. It was like sailing over the edge of the world.p She scrambled in her mind for the screen rewrite code, hit that. Nothing. She stabbed at the Break key. Nothing. Then, teeth sunk in her lip, she pressed Control/Alt/Delete. The combination should have rebooted the computer. It didn’t. The s sailed on.p The screen glowed a deep and beautiful blue. Jenny had never noticed before just how blue that screen really was. A color vivid beyond imagining. The white s surged on and on. Jenny had a physical sense of falling. She was out too far†¦.p She reached out and did something the computer teacher had threatened them with death for doing she flipped the main switch of the computer off. Depriving it of electricity, killing it in the middle of a program. Crashing it deliberately. Only it didn’t crash. The switch was off, the CPU light was off-but She 7s kept on going, pulsing and surging. Jenny’s breath stopped. She stared in disbelief. Her hand went to the monitor and fumbled frantically with the monitor switch. It clicked under her fingers; the monitor light went off. â€Å"What are you doing?† the girl to the left of her gasped. The monitor still glowed blue. The Js sailed on, Jenny yanked the keyboard out of the socket. She had to stop this. Something was going terribly, unimaginably wrong, and she had to stop those h before †¦ â€Å"Ms. Godfrey!† the girl to the left of her cried. â€Å"Ms. Godfrey, Jenny’s-â€Å" Jenny had just an instant to see what happened next. Even with the keyboard detached, the 7s kept going-or at least she thought they did. It was hard to tell because everything happened so fast. There was a bright flash-the screen going blindingly white -and a blue afterimage printed on her retinas. Then the monitor went dark. So did the lights in the room-and all the other computers. â€Å"Now see what you did,† the girl beside her hissed, Jenny sat, scarcely breathing. Pulling out the keyboard cord couldn’t have caused a blackout. Even crashing her computer shouldn’t have done that. The room wasn’t totally dark, but it was very dim; the windows were tinted to protect the equipment. Impressed on the dimness Jenny saw pinwheels and filaments of glowing blue. Oh, please, she thought, holding herself as still as possible. She could feel her heart beating in her throat. Then she heard-something-from underneath the computer tables. Soft as a match strike, but audible. A moving sound, like a rope being dragged. Like something sliding across the floor. Toward her. Jenny twisted her head, trying to locate it. The teacher’s voice seemed distant. The sliding sound was getting closer, she could hear it clearly now. Like a dry leaf blowing across pavement. Starting and stopping. Surging. Like the s. Coming straight for her legs.p It was almost here. Almost was under her table. And she couldn’t move; she was frozen. She heard a hiss like static. Like white noise. Or – Something brushed her leg. Jenny screamed. Released from her paralysis all at once, she jumped to her feet, beating at her leg. The thing brushed her again, and she grabbed at it, throttling it, trying to kill it- -and found herself holding the keyboard cord. It must have fallen over the edge of the table when she yanked it out, and dangled there. Jenny was holding on to its spiraling length so tightly that she could feel dents in her palms. This close she could see it clearly. Just a cord. The lights went on. People were gathering around her, putting their hands on her, asking questions. It’s just your brain making models, she told herself desperately, ignoring everyone else. The computer malfunctioned and you freaked. You heard static when the power went off, and you freaked more and made it into a hiss. But it wasn’t real. It was just models in your brain. â€Å"I think you’d better go home for the day,† Ms. Godfrey said. â€Å"You look as if you could use some rest.† â€Å"I’ve got it figured out now,† she said to Michael that night. â€Å"It must have been something to do with the UPS-the uninterruptible power supply. That’s a kind of battery that keeps the computers going when the power goes out.† â€Å"Oh, right,† said Michael, who knew very little about computers but would never admit it. â€Å"That’s what kept the computer going, but then somehow I managed to blow the whole system,† Jenny said. â€Å"That knocked the power out, and all the rest of it was in my mind.† â€Å"You must have looked pretty funny holding that cord,† Michael said. They talked about what had happened to him and the others that afternoon. He and Dee and Audrey had gone postering together and had covered most of the area between Ramona and Anchor streets. They hadn’t found anything. Jenny told him what she’d told Dee and Audrey earlier. She was okay now. She’d slept all afternoon. Her mother had wanted to take her to the doctor, but Jenny had said no. She was very proud of herself for realizing it had all been in her mind. She planned to stay calmer in the future. â€Å"Well, that’s good,† Michael said. His voice sounded surprisingly weak for somebody whose theory had been confirmed. â€Å"Uh, Jenny-â€Å" â€Å"What?† â€Å"Oh, nothing. See you tomorrow. Take care of yourself.† â€Å"You, too,† Jenny said, a little startled. â€Å"Bye.† Michael stared at the cordless phone he’d just clicked off. Then he glanced uneasily at his bedroom window. He wondered if he should have told Jenny -but Jenny had enough to worry about. Besides, there was no reason to do anything to tarnish his own brilliant theory. It was just battle fatigue, and he was as subject to it as anyone else. Stress. Tension. In his own case combined with a rather nervous temperament. Michael had always claimed to be an unashamed coward. That would account for the feeling he’d had all day of being watched. And there was nothing really moving outside that window. It was a second-floor apartment, after all. Audrey stretched in her Christian Dior nightgown and deposited herself more haphazardly across the peach satin sheets. Even after forty-five minutes in the Jacuzzi her feet hurt. She was sure she was getting calluses. Worse, she couldn’t shake the strange sensation she’d had ever since this afternoon. It was the feeling Audrey usually had when entering a room-of eyes on her. Only these eyes today hadn’t been admiring. They had been watchful-and malicious. She’d felt as if something were following her. Stalking her. Probably just the remnants of yesterday’s fright, There was nothing to worry about-she was safe at home. In bed. Audrey stretched again and her mind wandered. Eyes†¦ hmm. No eyes now. C’est okay. Va bine. She slept. And dreamed, pleasantly. She was a cat. Not a repulsive scroungy cat like Jenny’s, but an elegant Abyssinian. She was curled up with another cat, getting a cat-bath. Audrey smiled responsively, ducking her head, exposing the nape of her neck to the seductive feeling. The other cat’s tongue was rough but nice. It must be a big cat, though, she thought, half-waking. Maybe a tiger. Maybe-With a shriek Audrey bolted straight up in bed, She was awake-but she could swear the sensation had followed her out of the dream. She had felt a rough tongue licking her neck. She clapped a hand to the back of her neck and felt the dampness there. A strange, musky smell filled the room. Audrey almost knocked the bedside lamp over getting it turned on. Then she stared around wildly, looking for the thing that had been in her bed. Dee woke with a start. At least she thought she woke-but she couldn’t move. Someone was leaning over her. The room was very dark. It shouldn’t have been, because Dee liked to sleep with the window open, the curtains drawn back. Breathing fresh air, not the stale refrigerated stuff that came out of the air conditioner. Tonight she must have forgotten to open the curtains. Dee couldn’t tell because she couldn’t move her head. She could only see what was directly above her-the figure. It was a thick darkness against the thinner darkness of the room. It was a human shape, upside-down because it was leaning over from the headboard side. Dee’s heart was pounding like a trip-hammer. She could feel her lips draw back from her teeth savagely. Then she realized something horrifying. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 6, Essay examples

Cooking Method free essay sample

INTRODUCTION In this assignment I will learn about a few types of cooking method and the arts of seasoning and flavoring. There are two major types of cooking method which is Moist Heat Method and Dry Heat Method. We will write a custom essay sample on Cooking Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moist Heat Method refers to a technique that involve of liquid in cooking food. This technique depends on whether it is steam, water, stock, wine or some other liquid. The temperature for this kind of method is much lower in between of 60Â °C to 100Â °C. There are several types of cooking method that have been listed under Moist Heat Method which are poaching, simmering, boiling, steaming, braising, and stewing. Meanwhile, Dry Heat Method refers to any kind of cooking technique where the heat is transferred to the food without using any moisture. This technique usually involves high temperature of 150Â °C or hotter than that. Roasting, baking, grilling, broiling, pan-frying, sauteing, and deep-frying are example of Dry Heat Method. Furthermore, there are a few kind of cooking technique that involves Moist Heat and Dry Heat Method. This kind of technique may begin with Moist heat Method and followed by Dry Heat Method. For example braising and stewing. These two techniques involve the combination of both cooking method. For the second question, I will learn about the arts of seasoning and flavoring. Seasoning can enhance the natural taste of most foods without changing the original flavor. Salt is the main seasoning agent in the culinary arts. Herbs and spices also include in seasoning. In the meantime, flavoring is added to the food to modify the original flavor of the food. Flavoring is a substance that we used in altering the food causing it to give a sweet, sour, or tangy taste. CONCLUSION What I have learned from this assignment is there are a few types of cooking method. For example like Moist Heat Method. In this kind of technique I have learned a few basic cooking skills which are poaching, simmering, boiling, steaming, braising, and stewing. The technique that has been used in this kind of cooking method is mostly the same. From what I know, Moist Heat Method will involve liquid either water, stock or other kinds of liquid. Meanwhile for Dry Heat Method, I have learned that this kind of cooking method is no moisture was involved in cooking process. We also used high temperature in this method. A few basic cooking skills that used Dry Heat Method are roasting, baking, grilling, broiling, pan-frying, sauteing, and deep-frying. And most of the cooking methods have a similar process. Moreover, I have learned that there are few technique of cooking process that involve in the combination of Moist Heat and Dry Heat Method. In this technique, we must cook the food by using the Moist Heat Method then followed by Dry Heat Method. Other than that, the time consuming in cooking food by using this method is much longer rather than other technique and it can take about 5 to 6 hours to complete the cooking process. Besides that, I have learned that the food that is not cooked in the right ways will lose its nutrients. Other than that, we can improve the quantity and quality of nutrients of the food if we used the correct cooking method. For the arts of seasoning and flavoring, I have learned that seasoning and flavoring is very important in improving the quality of the taste of food that we cooked. The seasoning that we used is to lighten up the taste of the food without changing its original flavor. Meanwhile, for flavoring we used it to give a different flavor to the food and completely flavoring is used to change the original flavor of the food.

Across Five Aprils Essays (801 words) - Torah, Jethro,

Across Five Aprils Across Five Aprils This Newberry award nominated book, written by Irene Hunt, tells the story of the home life of her grandfather, Jethro, during the Civil War. Not only does it give a sense of what it is like to be in the war but also it really tells you exactly what the men leave behind. Jethro is forced to make hard decisions, and face many hardships a boy his age shouldn't have to undergo. This is an admirable historical fiction book that leaves it up to the reader to decide if being at home was the superior choice or if being a soldier in the war was. The setting of this book was especially essential to the plot. The story takes place in Southern Illinois during the American Civil War, from April of 1861 to April of 1865, hence the title Across Five Aprils. These Illinoisans were a scattered group of people basically made up of women, men, and children who moved there from the south. This created a lot of controversy when the Confederate states secede from the Union. Because of their upbringing many families had fathers fighting sons and brothers fighting brothers. The hostility in the towns in Illinois made even the best of friends become the worst of enemies. Characters also play a very important role in this book. Jethro Creighton is the main character in the novel. He is the youngest in his family, a mere nine years old. He was an intelligent boy who enjoyed reading and liked school very much. This probably had something to do with the fact that Shadrach Yale taught his class. Mr. Yale Moved to Illinois from Philadelphia. Jethro listened to everything Shad taught and told him. Shad admired Jethros spirit and pleasure in learning. Although Shad liked Jethros company, he loved Jennys even more. Jenny was Jethros sister. She helped Jethro in the fields, and made dinner. Her and Jethro shared basically everything including laughter. The only thing Jenny did not want to share was her letters from Shadrach. Shad and Jenny were in love, and all Jethro had to do was mention Mr. Yales name and Jenny would blush. Although Jethro knew he could talk to Jenny about anything, he preferred confiding in his brother Bill. Bill, like Jethro, liked school and had a love for learning. He took the time and thought all his decisions out carefully. He always did what he thought was right. Even if that meant that he would fight against Shad, his cousin, and even his brothers in the American Civil War. He supported the Confederate states proudly. This book is about how a family adjusts and basically survives during the Civil War. Jethro, who is used to the company of his brothers and his cousin in the field, takes on most of the chores around the house and the farming. All in all you could say that his family was a Union supporter with the exception of Bill, who fought for the Confederacy. Tom, Eb, Shad, and Jim all leave and fight for the Union. Even though more family members are on the northern side, the people in the town consider everyone in the Creighton family copperheads. They go as far as burning their barn down, and dumping oil in there well. The rest of the story reveals who lives, who dies, and how the family deals with each difficulty. The way Irene wrote the book was very appealing and it added to the storys historical significance. She wrote it in the slang type of dialect that they used in that time and place. She went on to include a letter that Jethro wrote the president, and the actual letter that Abraham Lincoln wrote back. There were two major purposes that were made obvious while reading this book. The first, and most important theme was one stating that families should stick together. This theme was brought out several times during the story. The most obvious was when Jethro first went to town and he was being told that his family was nothing more then copperheads because of the choice only one of his brothers had made. Paraphrasing Jethro said something to the affect of

Free Essays on Patterns Of Nature

â€Å"In both the arts and sciences, the programmed brain seeks elegance, which is the parsimonious and evocative description of pattern to make sense out of a confusion or detail.† - Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. I have always been amazed by the patterns of nature: The spirals of a shell, the symmetry of a snowflake, and the petals of a flower, just to name a few. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the structures of plant and animals alike seem to obey mathematical laws. The Utah Museum of Natural History in partnership with The University of Utah is currently exhibiting â€Å"The Nature of Pattern: Selections from the Permanent Collection of the Utah Museum of Natural History. Exhibited in The Gallery at Library Square, Main Salt Lake City Library, Level Four, from January 22 – March 12, 2005. The collection is exhibited in a single, large room. Six separate Plexiglas display cases fill the room, each measuring approximately 3x3x3, each placed on a square, wooden base approximately four feet high. The display cases are located in the center of the room and are arranged in two rows, each row three cases deep, with adequate walking space between them. The cases contain items from the natural world. One contains a geometric patterned fluorite cube, whose pattern is controlled by the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral. Another contains a beautiful display of the spirals of ammonite fossils (an extinct group of mollusks that died out at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 65 millions years ago). We also find a display of cone shells, which demonstrate the simple yet elegant patterns produced by an animal confined within this kind of space. They grow only from one end, widening and lengthening in the same proportion. A different disp lay case contains the skull of a big horn sheep, proving that even in an animal we can detect the growth patterns of its h... Free Essays on Patterns Of Nature Free Essays on Patterns Of Nature â€Å"In both the arts and sciences, the programmed brain seeks elegance, which is the parsimonious and evocative description of pattern to make sense out of a confusion or detail.† - Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. I have always been amazed by the patterns of nature: The spirals of a shell, the symmetry of a snowflake, and the petals of a flower, just to name a few. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the structures of plant and animals alike seem to obey mathematical laws. The Utah Museum of Natural History in partnership with The University of Utah is currently exhibiting â€Å"The Nature of Pattern: Selections from the Permanent Collection of the Utah Museum of Natural History. Exhibited in The Gallery at Library Square, Main Salt Lake City Library, Level Four, from January 22 – March 12, 2005. The collection is exhibited in a single, large room. Six separate Plexiglas display cases fill the room, each measuring approximately 3x3x3, each placed on a square, wooden base approximately four feet high. The display cases are located in the center of the room and are arranged in two rows, each row three cases deep, with adequate walking space between them. The cases contain items from the natural world. One contains a geometric patterned fluorite cube, whose pattern is controlled by the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral. Another contains a beautiful display of the spirals of ammonite fossils (an extinct group of mollusks that died out at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 65 millions years ago). We also find a display of cone shells, which demonstrate the simple yet elegant patterns produced by an animal confined within this kind of space. They grow only from one end, widening and lengthening in the same proportion. A different disp lay case contains the skull of a big horn sheep, proving that even in an animal we can detect the growth patterns of its h...

Some Patterns of Paragraph Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Some Patterns of Paragraph Development - Essay Example pets feed on a special diet that the owners fully budget for and higher personal veterinary doctors, who monitor and keep a close check on the pets’ health. The unique treatments highlighted are the exact treatments parents give their children to show affection and love to them. Since the pets receive treatment in a similar manner as children, it is, therefore, justifiable to conclude that people treat pets like surrogate children. In the social media for instance, there exist several pages created using the pet’s names for profiles. The owners of the pets buy gifts for them and organize anniversary celebrations after they die. Driving should be subject to utmost keenness and concentration. Most reckless drivers have caused more incidences of road accidents in several instances. The drivers fail to abide by the set traffic rules that should guide driving in the specific state. The failure to observe such rules causes accidents leading to massive loss of lives. For instance, some of the drivers take alcohol on duty. Alcohol reduces a driver’s alertness and visibility while driving. The result is an increasing in the number of traffic related accidents. Such accidents are avoidable by the drivers following the traffic rules to the latter. Deliberate assumption and ignorance of the regulation leading to loss of life is foolishness. Such foolishness makes the drivers’ actions unbelievable. Tobacco use is the principal cause of preventable health hazards, disabilities, and premature death in most states. Smoking leads to the development stroke and coronary heart diseases. Passive smokers are the indirect users of tobacco who inhale the exhaled smoke that the active smokers smoke out. Smoking leads to lung cancer and lung-related diseases like emphysema and bronchitis. The diseases have no definite treatment or cure, hence making tobacco a serious health peril. The passive smokers are at a higher risk of contracting the smoking related diseases and health

Ethics and the college student Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics and the college student - Research Paper Example At this age someone develops good habits and by repeatedly doing the habits, they grow in an ethical way (Paul & Elder, 2006). Conversely, ethical habits can also be developed from the teaching someone acquires from the taught rules for example cleaning hands after visiting the washroom, not spitting around, covering the mouth while coughing. All these and many others are rules taught in the society thus when someone learns them, they tend to develop the ethical habits derived from them. When one gets to high school, there are those habits a high school student is supposed to have for example, completing assignments and attending all classes as well as following rules. Therefore, a student will develop the ethical habits dictated by the environment they are in which is the learning (Paul & Elder, 2006). There are also those ethics that can be obtained from establishing new habits. For instance someone can establish a habit of ensuring that they will never do a punishment or cross the wrong side of the law. Such a person will always do what is right so as to ensure they do not get punished. These are the ethics observed according to the area of study for instance medical ethics for health students, business ethics for business ethics and engineering ethics for engineering students (Paul & Elder, 2006). This kind of ethics help one in improving their performance in that field as well as determining what is right to do in that field. Educational ethics also help in shaping the student to perform morally in the place of work for example being responsible. This is dictated by the knowledge of what is morally good to do. It is this type of ethics that enables a person to determine their mode of dressing, the activities they do in public as well as the language they use to communicate (Paul & Elder, 2006). This ethics also dictates how one

Heat transfer in a water-water heat exchanger Lab Report

Heat transfer in a water-water heat exchanger - Lab Report Example The heater and main switch was turned on and the water temperature controller was set at 60oc.The hot water flow rate and cold water flow rate were set to 50g/sec and 15g/sec respectively. The flow rates and stream temperature were monitored making sure that there was temperature stabilization and there was no drift of flow rate. The temperatures were then recorded in the table with the following headings; Repeat with cold water flows of;25g/sec,40g/sec and set the hot water temperature to 40oc and repeat step 2 and 3 The cold water supply was interchanged and the horse connection was returned. At this point, the exchanger had been configured with co-current flow. There was a single set readings made with hot water at 60oc, Vhot=50g/sec and Vcold=40g/sec. The results were recorded in the table The energy gained by cold stream Qc and energy lost from the hot stream was calculated for each run with the use of equations 1 and 2 in the theory sections. It was noted that the indicated flow values V, was to be multiplied by 0.001 to give mass flows (F) in S.I unit of Kg s-1 Basing on the results, it was observed that when the flow rate of the cold water was increased in the first 3, the T6 that is the midpoint also increased. The reading for T1 was never the same as the initial temperature. It is evident that heat transfer rate could be calculated with the use of heat transfer coefficient log mean temperature difference and total area (Shah and Joshi 1987; Gnielinski 1976). The same kind of results is seen to hold for counter flow and parallel heat exchangers whereby there is change in temperature for both fluids. It is not easy to analyze the cross-flow heat exchangers and there is a good estimation to the actual condition when the log mean temperature difference is used in case one stream never changes to a large extent in terms of temperature (Techo, Tickner and James 1965; Moffat 1988). It is not easy to solve heat exchanger problems in

Factors That Affect The Achievement Of The Operational Excellence Business Essay

Factors That Affect The Achievement Of The Operational Excellence Business Essay One of the most competitive industries in the world is the pharmaceutical industry. For a long time, the operation of the pharmaceutical companies has been subject to scrutiny, especially by the government of each country of operation. The underlying reasons for the strict attention include: the cost of medicines and drugs available for purchase, the reduced life cycle of product development, the technological advancements which impact operations and the nature of the health care systems. Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry, like other businesses, is affected by factors such as the issues of human resources development and sensitivity to culture and diversity. In fact, they all have influenced the birth of the new and improved meaning of operational excellence. The increasing demands for an improved productivity and manufacturing costs have been the growing concern of pharmaceutical companies today. The need to meet the fast changing needs of the market for a much higher standard and quality drugs has also resulted to increased expectations not only from the consumers but from all stakeholders (suppliers, investors, employees and the government). However, the quest for a much potent product is a very significant issue. The common goal is to reduce the attrition rate in bringing new medicines in the market as well as in creating a fair and efficient standard in choosing the best pharmaceutical company to award the patent. As more and more consumers are becoming concern of the drug s its short-term efficacy and its long-term side effects, marketing for the drug has also become more innovative and active. In this view, the operational processes and engineering for pharmaceutical product has come to a new level. Introduction The old adage Health is Wealth is generally true nothing can be more valuable than being healthy and alive. The objective of the government of every country around the world to provide its public with health care services has been notable but still incomplete and unsuccessful. Not only the poor and underdeveloped countries are the ones having problems with high medical costs and insurances but even the developed or economically strong countries. There are many factors that contribute to the inability of the government to properly provide for its people in terms of health care, for one, the health service is truly an expensive part of man s need to live and the costs of services are high because medical equipments are expensive not mentioning the maintenance cost of every hospital. Hence, the need to secure the health benefits of the people has become the motivating factor for the government to present in an agenda, its health objectives for the American Nation. Statement of the Problem The pharmaceutical business is one of the most important industries in the world. The benefits people gain from the results of research and development conducted by the pharmaceutical firms, which include discoveries of the cures for many diseases, and the lessening time required to treat the patient that lead to saving of lives, cannot be equated with money. Even the wealthiest person on earth gets sick and requires medicine. Sick people and their families are happy whenever they learn that there is a cure for their diseases and that their lives are lengthened by the healing power of medicine. However, with the high cost of production, stiff competition, and the ever-changing government legislations, pharmaceutical companies are facing major challenges. While the time to bring the pharmaceutical product in the market quickens, the risk involved in the cost recovery and industry survival increases for many pharmaceutical companies. In this view that the selected problem is titled: Ac hieving Operational Excellence in the Pharmaceutical Industry. The selected research problem evaluates the operational and engineering processes used by the pharmaceutical companies. Achieving operational excellence requires that pharmaceutical companies understand the factors which may affect their operations, such as the changing human resources relative to cultural diversity and manpower outsourcing, the impact of the environmental factors, which may include changing government legislations, market trends and future opportunities and threats and the future trends, operational systems, collaborative efforts (merging, tie-ups, etc.) that will all make a difference in the midst of heavy competition and highly selective customers. The selected statement of the problem hopes to reveal the possible solutions to the challenges and in the end provide a wider perspective based on the data presented, evaluated and analyzed. Purpose of the Study The goal of this research is to find out the relevant factors that affect the achievement of the operational excellence of the firms in the pharmaceutical industry. It also hopes to learn and understand what makes a successful pharmaceutical company and how operational excellence can be achieved. Significance of the Study The findings of this research will serve as useful information on understanding the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. Readers will also have a full view of the pharmaceutical industry from its begging up to the current time. Researchers of the same issue will have a concrete basis of analyzing and evaluating for the same. Pharmaceutical companies will have a wider perspective of the industry where they exist, providing them with more information useful in the creation of marketing strategies and operational upgrades. The government will also benefit from this research because, it will present a different interpretation of the key factors affecting the pharmaceutical industry. Research Questions This paper looks into the following issues: (1) How should the current pharmaceutical industry be described in terms of: a. Operational processes and engineering; b. Pharmaceutical technology; c. New product development, Research and development; and Product life cycle; d. Production systems (total quality management, total productive maintenance, etc.); and e. Factors that characterize operational excellence (best practices)? (2) How are performances evaluated? a. The Porter s diamond concept in a pharmaceutical setting (3) What are the challenges of achieving operational efficiency in view of: a. Sensitivity to culture and diversity with respect to a unified corporate thinking; b. Globalization; and c. Human resources development? (4) What are the expected future trends? Background Pharmaceutical firms are categorized according to the nature of their business operations: they are the research-based firms; manufacturing-based firms and a combination of research-based and manufacturing-based firms. Characterized by its two distinct functions: research and development (RD), and manufacturing, the pharmaceutical industry was reported as a $600 billion worth of sales in the year 2006 (economywatch). Specifically, there was a 7 per cent increase on the sales of prescription medicines worldwide or a total of $602 billion based on the report of some major pharmaceutical and medical information firms. These pharmaceutical firms are either, primarily engaged in Research and Development (RD) alone, studying diseases and advancing drugs and medicinal potency while other firms focus on the drug manufacturing process. Large, financially-able and world renowned pharmaceutical companies engaged in both activities. The US is considered as having the number one pharmaceutical market and an increasing trend in the pharmaceutical industry all over the world. According to statistics the highest recorded annual sales of pharmaceutical products and services in the US alone is $252 billion and increases at around 5.7 per cent annually (economywatch). According to a pharmaceutical industry report, the leading countries in the world in terms of potential market are India, China and the United States. The report specifically stated that: The report proved that there is an increasing demand and market for the pharmaceutical industry because of the increasing health awareness of the people all over the world. Literature Review Market intelligence data from IMS Health, a research company providing on pharmaceutical and healthcare industries proved that: in 2002, the estimated worldwide sales for prescription drugs was about $400 billion; and that the United States expenditure on prescription drugs in 2002, was roughly 200 billion dollars which accounted for approximately half of all sales worldwide. But despite this high costs, the United States ranked as the 21st rate on infant mortality in the world, way below Greece and South Korea and only a bit higher in Poland. Also, the United States ranked at the 17th rate in terms of life expectancy all over the world. The research agency also reported that in 2008, the US prescription drugs sales had amounted to a whopping $291 billion dollars every year (sourcewatch). In this view, the challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry around the world are enormous (Sherk). One of the main reasons is the pressure of bringing down the prices of medicines and drugs that are considered contributive to the escalating costs of the health care services (Sherk). The cost of health care in the United States is generally double compared to other developed countries in Europe such as Britain, France and Germany. (yahoonews) Furthermore, the United States has reportedly spent 7, 290 dollars per person in the year 2007 but provided no meaningful advantage in terms of quality of care, and placed far behind the averages in the key indicators such as the infant mortality and life expectancy rate compared to the previously mentioned countries. The proposed healthcare reform in the United States, includes the evaluation of the drug costs and the possibility of creating legislations that will regulate the operations of pharmaceutical companies. Research Design The research design that will be used to evaluate and answer the selected problem titled: Achieving Operational Excellence in the Pharmaceutical Industry is qualitative research. The decision to use the qualitative research design was based on the following factors: limited time available, and also, the use of secondary data. In order to answer the general and specific questions, the researcher uses the descriptive research as a type of qualitative method of research. The researcher gathers secondary data from previous researches, statistical reports, surveys, demographic information, and online resources. The data gathered are listed, sorted and analyzed in order to answer the problems undertaken. Findings The following are the findings that were gathered using secondary information, specifically from previous researches, statistical reports, and other sources. (1) How should the current pharmaceutical industry be described in terms of: (a) Operational Processes and Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry Drug Approval and Registration Process As implemented by the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, the strict compliance of the law should be observed in all stages of the operational process and engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry, primarily, in the registration (FDA, 2010) The Food Drug Administration (FDA) s fundamental mission is protect the public health is the collection of this information, which is used for important activities such as post-market surveillance for serious adverse drug reactions, inspection of drug manufacturing and processing facilities, and monitoring of drug products imported into the United States. Comprehensive, accurate, and up-to-date information is critical to conducting these activities with efficiency and effectiveness. (FDA, 2010) (b) Process Analytical technologies (PAT) One of the new systems that are being used in the pharmaceutical industry is known as the Process Analytical technologies (PAT). The term Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) has been used to describe a system for designing and controlling manufacturing through timely measurements (i.e. during processing) of critical quality and performance attributes for raw and in-process materials and also processes with the goal of ensuring final product quality. The PAT initiative focuses on building quality into the product and manufacturing processes, as well as continuous process improvement. (pharmainfo.net) c) Industry Operating Procedures The pharmaceutical industry, just like other industries uses the US standard of Accounting GAAP (irs.gov). Pharmaceutical companies have to apply for the registration of their newly discovered drugs or medicines. Before a drug can be tested in people, the drug company or sponsor performs laboratory and animal tests to discover how the drug works and whether its likely to be safe and work well in humans. Next, a series of tests in people is begun to determine whether the drug is safe when used to treat a disease and whether it provides a real health benefit. The process must be based on the steps set by the Food and Drug administration of the country of operation. The development and Approval Process of Drugs in the United States is believed to be the safest and the most advanced pharmaceutical system in the world. Another unique operational process used by the pharmaceutical companies is in the area of marketing. Unlike, the traditional selling and buying area of many products, selli ng drugs is a very complicated issue. Before companies can sell drugs, they have to seek approval and license from the FDA. Marketing in the pharmaceutical industry is commonly through salesmen. (2) How are performances evaluated? Porter s Five Forces of Industry Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry has high barriers to entry, primarily because capital is huge in this business. The need to allocate heavily on research and development is highly important if one will enter this industry, not mentioning high threat from government policies, and longer or no return on investment. The supplier power has low impact because material supplies are solely for pharmaceutical companies alone, and shelf life of chemicals is longer than any ordinary supplies. Buyer power depends on the kind of medicine being produced, if the medicine has no other substitute, then buyer power is low, and vice versa. The threat of substitutes is also low in the pharmaceutical industry, because although generics have been gaining popularity and acceptance, still, many consumers believe branded medicines are more effective. In terms of competitive rivalry, the pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. Mullins (2006) reported that the industry was overpopulated and not one company has more than 5 percent market share. In addition, market growth rate is also minimal. (3) What are the challenges of achieving operational efficiency in view of (a) Sensitivity to culture and diversity with respect to a unified corporate thinking; (b) Globalization and (c) Human resources development. The changing landscape of business due to the forces of the new and changing environment have become the major influences in the manner in which leading function in the organization is done today. Unlike the traditional leadership process, global leadership extends its functions to new horizons and length that increased values for businesses, hence an increased risks. Leaders are more flexible and multi-skilled today. Thus, new business horizons that offer new and improved opportunities are available for global leaders to take advantage of. With the right attitude and qualifications, success in the business is possible for global leaders. The secrets however, lie on the ability of the leader to understand these new concepts and challenges. Human Resource Management or HRM is an activity that is focused on recruiting, managing and developing the people in an organization. This function also deals with the issues regarding employee compensation, hiring, performance evaluation, safety, development, wellness, communication, training and development. The human resource management in the organization plays a big role in making strategic and coherent approach to managing the company s most important asset; its people. The HRM function is seen by most companies as a major contributing factor in aligning specific assignment to the employee s capabilities. In doing so, the company will be able to efficiently achieve its goals at a minimum required resources. Factors that affect staffing and staffing turnover are considered to be a big problem faced by human resource managers. Pinkerton (2001) made an effort to know the reasons that influence the staffing needs of hospitals. The answers vary depending on the hospital, the top thr ee include, teamwork or no teamwork/unit cohesiveness, chaos factors impacting the delivery of nursing care and effectiveness of communication. The factors affect staffing which can be categorized under external and internal. The external factors include the level of education, the prevailing attitudes in society (the kind of attitude toward work), the many laws and regulations that directly affect staffing, the economic conditions, and the supply of and demand for the manpower outside the enterprise. Organizational goals, tasks, technology, organization structure, the kinds of people employed by the enterprise, the demand for and the supply of managers within the enterprise, the reward system, and various kinds of policies are the internal factors which may affect staffing. For example, the use of high technology in most industries requires extensive and intensive education and training. The organization s ability to effect change is largely affected by the organizational culture because it serves as the basic nature and characteristics of the whole organization. Where organizational culture is deep seated and forms underlying subcultures, it is more difficult to change and therefore sets a more challenging role for leaders who want to implement change in the organization. The tendency to resist change is higher when organizational culture is more cohesive and more symbolical. Since the organization comprises of people that have different behaviors, talents, skills, knowledge, values, personality and many other differences, working together they come on terms to manage each other s differences. Culture is the behavior which formed when the people in the organization meet and agreed verbally and nonverbally and creates rule for doing the task. (Heathfield) Diversity The diversity in the organization was previously seen as a negative factor, but in today s environment where change is inevitable, it adds up to the company s flexibility in order to survive the competition in the market. In an organization where diversity is high, the leader must understand and know how to deal with it and use them effectively as a competitive advantage. Nowadays, many organizations employ diverse group of employees because they want to create a unique culture which adds up to the value of the organizational workforce. Common diversities in the organization include racial mixes, foreign workforces, women on the job, and disabled workers. (4) What are the expected future trends? Major transformations are occurring in the delivery of healthcare worldwide. Medical and healthcare technologies are increasingly impacting the clinical as well as the administrative dimensions of healthcare care delivery. Innovations introduced in the last decade have created accumulated effects that will be compounded with the continuing technical progress in medicine. Areas such as telemedicine, telehealth, computerized medical records, e-health and use of the Internet in B2B and B2C applications in healthcare are some of the milestones in the almost total revamping of the healthcare landscape. Medical and healthcare technologies are already transforming the operations, design and mission of hospitals. In this regard, the challenges for the future are an exciting opportunity for study, reflection, planning, and intervention. Technology assessment (TA) arose in the mid-1960s from an appreciation of the critical role of technology in modern society and its potential for unintended, and sometimes harmful, consequences. Congress commissioned independent studies by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress that significantly influenced the development and application of TA. These studies and further congressional hearings led the National Science Foundation to establish a TA program and, in 1972, Congress to authorize the congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), which was founded in 1973, became operational in 1974, and established its health program in 1975. Another factor that is considered as a threat not only to pharmaceutical industry but all industries is the globalization. Globalization has been creating impacts to various industries and individuals. The possibilities associated with it are countless. Hence, it also poses higher threats to many. Globalization has influenced major transformations on the organizational structures, and the processes of firms whether locally or internationally operated. Globalization also redefined the functions and roles of the intermediaries. Distribution of products has become entirely dependent on the intermediaries. Companies are trying to lessen interaction costs and because of this, have outsourced services from other countries to take advantage of the economies of scale. Industrial sectors have to undergo extensive structural changes which become more visible in the sectors that are based highly on the advanced technologies. Examples include the car industry, pharmaceutical industry and the tel ecommunications, among others. Conclusions and Recommendations Based on this research study, there are several lessons which could be learned from the evaluation of and analysis performed in the pharmaceutical industry. Primarily, the safety and security of our lives depend on the ability of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and, CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the AMA (American Medical Association) and APA (American Pharmacists Association), to screen and select the safest medicine, drugs and vaccines. The criteria set should always and consistently be tested, proven, and communicated to all industry players. Second, the operations of the pharmaceutical companies are generally affected by the changes in the industry. The relative amount of information available in understanding or describing a situation can significantly help in making valuable decision regarding the business operation. Third, the threat on the human resources because of globalization is considered a very critical issue even in the pharmaceutical industry. In the situation where there is limited available resources, need is high for an effective HR planning. Maximizing employee performances through devising appropriate training is also vital to the needs of the company. The approach will also help in maximizing the return on investment of the any organization s human capital and minimizing the financial risk is the main objective of human resources. Finally, it should therefore be concluded that the operational excellence in the pharmaceutical industry will only be achieved when companies learn to adapt the changes and developments brought about by the globalization.

Analysis of the Film, A Beautiful Mind Essay -- Film Movie Essays

Analysis of the film "A Beautiful Mind" In the movie, "A Beautiful Mind", the main character, John Nash, is a mathematician who suffers from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is actually the most chronic and disabling of the major mental illnesses and it distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, interprets reality and relates to others. The movie, "A Beautiful Mind", John Nash, who is played by Russell Crowe, is a true story about a mathematician whose life is horrific because of his disease, schizophrenia. He was an egocentric man who studied Mathematics in Princeton University. During the whole time that he studied in Princeton, he was trying to come up with his own original idea. He felt that by only finding an original idea he will be important, because he thought that attending class was just a waste of time. He begins teaching when he eventually finds his original idea and wins a Nobel Prize in 1994. Then, he is recognized for being one of the best mathematicians in the world. John Nash attains his goal to find an original idea which was about competition. He went to a bar with his friends and in that bar, there is a blonde girl who all of his friends, including himself are attracted to and then he realizes a theory of competition and he explains it in mathematics. He realizes that none of the guys will get to be with the blonde girl and then after this happens, all the guys will go after her friends, and them too will turn all of them down, and so he realizes that none of the guys will get what they want. Statistics show that 1%, or about 2.2 millions Americans ages 18 or older will develop schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of Schizophrenia can be grouped into thre... ...ke care and be with her husband, but that was it. Also, the movie did not show anything about his family. There was not information about his parents and how they felt about him and/or his disease; his brothers and/or sisters' feelings towards him and/or his illness. In conclusion, John Nash was a very intelligent man not only because he was an excellent mathematician, but because he learned to cope with his disease and live a regular life. It was great that he won the Nobel Prize in 1994 because he deserved it for a lot of reasons. It was also nice that his wife did not give up on him and that she got to teach him what love is and that love is very important to one's life as he said in his acceptance speech when he received the Nobel Prize. Work Cited Page www.Webmd.com. "Schizophrenia." www.about.com. Encarta Encyclopedia. "Schizophrenia." Analysis of the Film, A Beautiful Mind Essay -- Film Movie Essays Analysis of the film "A Beautiful Mind" In the movie, "A Beautiful Mind", the main character, John Nash, is a mathematician who suffers from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is actually the most chronic and disabling of the major mental illnesses and it distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, interprets reality and relates to others. The movie, "A Beautiful Mind", John Nash, who is played by Russell Crowe, is a true story about a mathematician whose life is horrific because of his disease, schizophrenia. He was an egocentric man who studied Mathematics in Princeton University. During the whole time that he studied in Princeton, he was trying to come up with his own original idea. He felt that by only finding an original idea he will be important, because he thought that attending class was just a waste of time. He begins teaching when he eventually finds his original idea and wins a Nobel Prize in 1994. Then, he is recognized for being one of the best mathematicians in the world. John Nash attains his goal to find an original idea which was about competition. He went to a bar with his friends and in that bar, there is a blonde girl who all of his friends, including himself are attracted to and then he realizes a theory of competition and he explains it in mathematics. He realizes that none of the guys will get to be with the blonde girl and then after this happens, all the guys will go after her friends, and them too will turn all of them down, and so he realizes that none of the guys will get what they want. Statistics show that 1%, or about 2.2 millions Americans ages 18 or older will develop schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of Schizophrenia can be grouped into thre... ...ke care and be with her husband, but that was it. Also, the movie did not show anything about his family. There was not information about his parents and how they felt about him and/or his disease; his brothers and/or sisters' feelings towards him and/or his illness. In conclusion, John Nash was a very intelligent man not only because he was an excellent mathematician, but because he learned to cope with his disease and live a regular life. It was great that he won the Nobel Prize in 1994 because he deserved it for a lot of reasons. It was also nice that his wife did not give up on him and that she got to teach him what love is and that love is very important to one's life as he said in his acceptance speech when he received the Nobel Prize. Work Cited Page www.Webmd.com. "Schizophrenia." www.about.com. Encarta Encyclopedia. "Schizophrenia."

Chi-Square Test

Chi-Square Test Chi-square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20 offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know about the â€Å"goodness to fit† between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors.How much deviation can occur before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to differ from the expected. The chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result. The formula for calculating chi-square ( [pic]2) is: [pic]2= [pic](o-e)2/e That is, chi-square is the sum of the squared differ ence between observed (o) and the expected (e) data (or the deviation, d), divided by the expected data in all possible categories.For example, suppose that a cross between two pea plants yields a population of 880 plants, 639 with green seeds and 241 with yellow seeds. You are asked to propose the genotypes of the parents. Your hypothesis is that the allele for green is dominant to the allele for yellow and that the parent plants were both heterozygous for this trait. If your hypothesis is true, then the predicted ratio of offspring from this cross would be 3:1 (based on Mendel's laws) as predicted from the results of the Punnett square (Figure B. ). Figure B. 1 – Punnett Square. Predicted offspring from cross between green and yellow-seeded plants. Green (G) is dominant (3/4 green; 1/4 yellow). To calculate [pic]2 , first determine the number expected in each category. If the ratio is 3:1 and the total number of observed individuals is 880, then the expected numerical value s should be 660 green and 220 yellow. [pic] Chi-square requires that you use numerical values, not percentages or ratios. [pic] Then calculate [pic]2 using this formula, as shown in Table B. . Note that we get a value of 2. 668 for [pic]2. But what does this number mean? Here's how to interpret the [pic]2 value: 1. Determine degrees of freedom (df). Degrees of freedom can be calculated as the number of categories in the problem minus 1. In our example, there are two categories (green and yellow); therefore, there is I degree of freedom. 2. Determine a relative standard to serve as the basis for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. The relative standard commonly used in biological research is p ; 0. 05.The p value is the probability that the deviation of the observed from that expected is due to chance alone (no other forces acting). In this case, using p ; 0. 05, you would expect any deviation to be due to chance alone 5% of the time or less. 3. Refer to a chi-square distribution table (Table B. 2). Using the appropriate degrees of ‘freedom, locate the value closest to your calculated chi-square in the table. Determine the closestp (probability) value associated with your chi-square and degrees of freedom. In this case ([pic]2=2. 68), the p value is about 0. 10, which means that there is a 10% probability that any deviation from expected results is due to chance only. Based on our standard p > 0. 05, this is within the range of acceptable deviation. In terms of your hypothesis for this example, the observed chi-squareis not significantly different from expected. The observed numbers are consistent with those expected under Mendel's law. Step-by-Step Procedure for Testing Your Hypothesis and Calculating Chi-Square 1. State the hypothesis being tested and the predicted results.Gather the data by conducting the proper experiment (or, if working genetics problems, use the data provided in the problem). 2. Determine the expected numbers for each observation al class. Remember to use numbers, not percentages. [pic] Chi-square should not be calculated if the expected value in any category is less than 5. [pic] 3. Calculate [pic]2 using the formula. Complete all calculations to three significant digits. Round off your answer to two significant digits. 4. Use the chi-square distribution table to determine significance of the value. . Determine degrees of freedom and locate the value in the appropriate column. b. Locate the value closest to your calculated [pic]2 on that degrees of freedom df row. c. Move up the column to determine the p value. 5. State your conclusion in terms of your hypothesis. a. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p ; 0. 05, accept your hypothesis. ‘The deviation is small enough that chance alone accounts for it. A p value of 0. 6, for example, means that there is a 60% probability that any deviation from expected is due to chance only.This is within the range of acceptable deviation. b. If the p value fo r the calculated [pic]2 is p < 0. 05, reject your hypothesis, and conclude that some factor other than chance is operating for the deviation to be so great. For example, a p value of 0. 01 means that there is only a 1% chance that this deviation is due to chance alone. Therefore, other factors must be involved. The chi-square test will be used to test for the â€Å"goodness to fit† between observed and expected data from several laboratory investigations in this lab manual. Table B. 1 Calculating Chi-Square    |Green |Yellow | |Observed (o) |639 |241 | |Expected (e) |660 |220 | |Deviation (o – e) |-21 |21 | |Deviation2 (d2) |441 |441 | |d2/e |0. 68 |2 | |[pic]2 = [pic]d2/e = 2. 668 |. |. | Table B. 2 Chi-Square Distribution |Degrees of | | |Freedom |Probability (p) | |(df) | | |   |0. 95 |0. 90 | Source: R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological Agricultural and Medical Research, 6th ed. , Table IV, Oliver & Boyd, Ltd. , Edinburgh, by permissi on of the authors and publishers.Main Page | Introduction and Objectives | Scientific Investigation | Experimental Procedures | Writing Procedures | Mendelian Inheritance |   Monohybrid and Dihybrid Exercises | Reference | Miscellaneous | Scientific Writing | Chi-Square Test | Graphing Techniques Chi-Square Test Chi-square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20 offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know about the â€Å"goodness to fit† between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors.How much deviation can occur before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to differ from the expected. T he chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result. The formula for calculating chi-square ( [pic]2) is: [pic]2= [pic](o-e)2/e That is, chi-square is the sum of the squared difference between observed (o) and the expected (e) data (or the deviation, d), divided by the expected data in all possible categories. For example, suppose that a cross between two pea plants yields a population of 880 plants, 639 with green seeds and 241 with yellow seeds. You are asked to propose the genotypes of the parents.Your hypothesis is that the allele for green is dominant to the allele for yellow and that the parent plants were both heterozygous for this trait. If your hypothesis is true, then the predicted ratio of offspring from this cross would be 3:1 (based on Mendel's laws) as predicted from the results of the Punnett square (Figure B. 1). Figure B. 1 – Punnett Square . Predicted offspring from cross between green and yellow-seeded plants. Green (G) is dominant (3/4 green; 1/4 yellow). To calculate [pic]2 , first determine the number expected in each category. If the ratio is 3:1 and the total number of observed individuals is 880, then the expected numerical values should be 660 green and 220 yellow. [pic]Chi-square requires that you use numerical values, not percentages or ratios. [pic] Then calculate [pic]2 using this formula, as shown in Table B. 1. Note that we get a value of 2. 668 for [pic]2. But what does this number mean? Here's how to interpret the [pic]2 value: 1. Determine degrees of freedom (df). Degrees of freedom can be calculated as the number of categories in the problem minus 1. In our example, there are two categories (green and yellow); therefore, there is I degree of freedom. 2. Determine a relative standard to serve as the basis for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. The relative standard commonly used in biological rese arch is p ; 0. 05.The p value is the probability that the deviation of the observed from that expected is due to chance alone (no other forces acting). In this case, using p ; 0. 05, you would expect any deviation to be due to chance alone 5% of the time or less. 3. Refer to a chi-square distribution table (Table B. 2). Using the appropriate degrees of ‘freedom, locate the value closest to your calculated chi-square in the table. Determine the closestp (probability) value associated with your chi-square and degrees of freedom. In this case ([pic]2=2. 668), the p value is about 0. 10, which means that there is a 10% probability that any deviation from expected results is due to chance only. Based on our standard p > 0. 05, this is within the range of acceptable deviation.In terms of your hypothesis for this example, the observed chi-squareis not significantly different from expected. The observed numbers are consistent with those expected under Mendel's law. Step-by-Step Proced ure for Testing Your Hypothesis and Calculating Chi-Square 1. State the hypothesis being tested and the predicted results. Gather the data by conducting the proper experiment (or, if working genetics problems, use the data provided in the problem). 2. Determine the expected numbers for each observational class. Remember to use numbers, not percentages. [pic] Chi-square should not be calculated if the expected value in any category is less than 5. [pic] 3.Calculate [pic]2 using the formula. Complete all calculations to three significant digits. Round off your answer to two significant digits. 4. Use the chi-square distribution table to determine significance of the value. a. Determine degrees of freedom and locate the value in the appropriate column. b. Locate the value closest to your calculated [pic]2 on that degrees of freedom df row. c. Move up the column to determine the p value. 5. State your conclusion in terms of your hypothesis. a. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p ; 0. 05, accept your hypothesis. ‘The deviation is small enough that chance alone accounts for it. A p value of 0. , for example, means that there is a 60% probability that any deviation from expected is due to chance only. This is within the range of acceptable deviation. b. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p < 0. 05, reject your hypothesis, and conclude that some factor other than chance is operating for the deviation to be so great. For example, a p value of 0. 01 means that there is only a 1% chance that this deviation is due to chance alone. Therefore, other factors must be involved. The chi-square test will be used to test for the â€Å"goodness to fit† between observed and expected data from several laboratory investigations in this lab manual. Table B. 1 Calculating Chi-Square    |Green |Yellow | |Observed (o) |639 |241 | |Expected (e) |660 |220 | |Deviation (o – e) |-21 |21 | |Deviation2 (d2) |441 |441 | |d2/e |0. 68 |2 | |[pic]2 = [pic] d2/e = 2. 668 |. |. | Table B. 2 Chi-Square Distribution |Degrees of | | |Freedom |Probability (p) | |(df) | | |   |0. 95 |0. 90 | Frequency DistributionsOne important set of statistical tests allows us to test for deviations of observed frequencies from expected frequencies. To introduce these tests, we will start with a simple, non-biological example. We want to determine if a coin is fair. In other words, are the odds of flipping the coin heads-up the same as tails-up. We collect data by flipping the coin 200 times. The coin landed heads-up 108 times and tails-up 92 times. At first glance, we might suspect that the coin is biased because heads resulted more often than than tails. However, we have a more quantitative way to analyze our results, a chi-squared test. To perform a chi-square test (or any other statistical test), we first must establish our null hypothesis.In this example, our null hypothesis is that the coin should be equally likely to land head-up or tails-up ev ery time. The null hypothesis allows us to state expected frequencies. For 200 tosses, we would expect 100 heads and 100 tails. The next step is to prepare a table as follows. |   |Heads |Tails |Total | |Observed |108 |92 |200 | |Expected |100 |100 |200 | |Total |208 |192 |400 |The Observed values are those we gather ourselves. The expected values are the frequencies expected, based on our null hypothesis. We total the rows and columns as indicated. It's a good idea to make sure that the row totals equal the column totals (both total to 400 in this example). Using probability theory, statisticians have devised a way to determine if a frequency distribution differs from the expected distribution. To use this chi-square test, we first have to calculate chi-squared. Chi-squared = ? (observed-expected)2/(expected) We have two classes to consider in this example, heads and tails. Chi-squared = (100-108)2/100 + (100-92)2/100 = (-8)2/100 + (8)2/100 = 0. 4 + 0. 64 = 1. 28 Now we have to c onsult a table of critical values of the chi-squared distribution. Here is a portion of such a table. |df/prob. | Types of Data: There are basically two types of random variables and they yield two types of data: numerical and categorical. A chi square (X2) statistic is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another. Basically categorical variable yield data in the categories and numerical variables yield data in numerical form. Responses to such questions as â€Å"What is your major? † or Do you own a car? † are categorical because they yield data such as â€Å"biology† or â€Å"no. In contrast, responses to such questions as â€Å"How tall are you? † or â€Å"What is your G. P. A.? † are numerical. Numerical data can be either discrete or continuous. The table below may help you see the differences between these two variables. |  Data Type |  Question Type |Possible Responses | |  Categorical |  What is your sex? |male or female | |  Numerical |Disrete- How many cars do you own? |two or three | |  Numerical |Continuous – How tall are you? |  72 inches | Notice that discrete data arise fom a counting process, while continuous data arise from a measuring process.The Chi Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two (or more) independent groups. (note: Chi square tests can only be used on actual numbers and not on percentages, proportions, means, etc. ) 2 x 2 Contingency Table There are several types of chi square tests depending on the way the data was collected and the hypothesis being tested. We'll begin with the simplest case: a 2 x 2 contingency table. If we set the 2 x 2 table to the general notation shown below in Table 1, using the letters a, b, c, and d to denote the contents of the cells, then we would have the following table: Table 1. General notation for a 2 x 2 contingency table. Variable 1   Variable 2 |   Data type 1 |  Data type 2 |  Totals | |  Category 1 |  a |b |a + b | |  Category 2 |  c |d |c + d | |  Total |a + c |b + d |a + b + c + d = N | For a 2 x 2 contingency table the Chi Square statistic is calculated by the formula: [pic] Note: notice that the four components of the denominator are the four totals from the table columns and rows. Suppose you conducted a drug trial on a group of animals and you hypothesized that the animals receiving the drug would show increased heart rates compared to those that did not receive the drug.You conduct the study and collect the following data: Ho: The proportion of animals whose heart rate increased is independent of drug treatment. Ha: The proportion of animals whose heart rate increased is associated with drug treatment. Table 2. Hypothetical drug trial results. |   |  Heart  Rate |  No  Heart  Rate |Total | | |  Increased |  Increase | | |  Treated |  36 |  14 |  50 | |  Not treated |  30 |   25 |  55 | |  Total |  66 |  39 |  105 | Applying the formula above we get:Chi square = 105[(36)(25) – (14)(30)]2 / (50)(55)(39)(66) = 3. 418 Before we can proceed we eed to know how many degrees of freedom we have. When a comparison is made between one sample and another, a simple rule is that the degrees of freedom equal (number of columns minus one) x (number of rows minus one) not counting the totals for rows or columns. For our data this gives (2-1) x (2-1) = 1. We now have our chi square statistic (x2 = 3. 418), our predetermined alpha level of significance (0. 05), and our degrees of freedom (df  =  1). Entering the Chi square distribution table with 1 degree of freedom and reading along the row we find our value of x2 (3. 418) lies between 2. 706 and 3. 841.The corresponding probability is between the 0. 10 and 0. 05 probability levels. That means that the p-value is above 0. 05 (it is actually 0. 065). Since a p-value of 0. 65 is greater than the conven tionally accepted significance level of 0. 05 (i. e. p  >  0. 05) we fail to reject the null hypothesis. In other words, there is no statistically significant difference in the proportion of animals whose heart rate increased. What would happen if the number of control animals whose heart rate increased dropped to 29 instead of 30 and, consequently, the number of controls whose hear rate did not increase changed from 25 to 26? Try it. Notice that the new x2 value is 4. 25 and this value exceeds the table value of 3. 841 (at 1 degree of freedom and an alpha level of 0. 05). This means that p < 0. 05 (it is now0. 04) and we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis – the heart rate of animals is different between the treatment groups. When p < 0. 05 we generally refer to this as a significant difference. Table 3. Chi Square distribution table. probability level (alpha) |Df |0. 5 |0. 10 |0. 05 | |  A |  10 |  42 |  52 | |  a |  33 |  15 |  48 | |  Totals |  43 |  57 |  100 |The penotypic ratio 85 of the A type and 15 of the a-type (homozygous recessive). In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes, however, we would have predicted a 3:1 ratio of phenotypes. In other words, we would have expected to get 75 A-type and 25 a-type. Are or resuls different? [pic] Calculate the chi square statistic x2 by completing the following steps: 1. For each observed number in the table subtract the corresponding expected number (O — E). 2. Square the difference [ (O —E)2 ]. 3. Divide the squares obtained for each cell in the table by the expected number for that cell [ (O – E)2 / E ]. 4. Sum all the values for (O – E)2 / E. This is the chi square statistic. For our example, the calculation would be:    |Observed |Expected |(O — E) |(O — E)2 |(O — E)2/ E | |a-type |15 |25 |10 |100 |4. 0 | |Total |100 |100 |   |   | Suppose you have the following categorical data se t. Table . Incidence of three types of malaria in three tropical regions. |   |  Asia |Africa |South America |Totals | |  14 |  23. 04 |  9. 04 |81. 72 |3. 546 | |  45 |  36. 00 |  9. 00 |81. 00 |2. 5 | |  2 |  20. 64 |  18. 64 |347. 45 |16. 83 | |  5 |  15. 36 |  10. 36 |107. 33 |6. 99 | |  53 |  24. 00 |  29. 00 |841. 00 |35. 04 | |  53 |  34. 40 |  18. 60 |345. 96 |10. 06 | |  45 |  25. 60 |  19. 40 |376. 36 |14. 70 | |  2 |  40. 00 |  38. 00 |  1444. 00 |36. 10 | Chi Square = 125. 516 Degrees of Freedom = (c – 1)(r – 1) = 2(2) = 4 Table 3.Chi Square distribution table. probability level (alpha) Df |0. 5 |0. 10 |0. 05 |0. 02 |0. 01 |0. 001 | |1 |0. 455 |2. 706 |3. 841 |5. 412 |6. 635 |10. 827 | |2 |1. 386 |4. 605 |5. 991 |7. 824 |9. 210 |13. 815 | |3 |2. 366 |6. 251 |7. 815 |9. 837 |11. 345 |16. 268 | |4 |3. 357 |7. 779 |9. 488 |11. 668 |13. 277 |18. 465 | |5 |4. 351 |9. 236 |11. 070 |13. 388 |15. 086 |20. 517 | |Reject Ho because 125. 516 is greater than 9. 488 (for alpha ’ 0. 05) Thus, we would reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between location and type of malaria. Our data tell us there is a relationship between type of malaria and location, but that's all it says.Follow the link below to access a java-based program for calculating Chi Square statistics for contingency tables of up to 9 rows by 9 columns. Enter the number of row and colums in the spaces provided on the page and click the submit button. A new form will appear asking you to enter your actual data into the cells of the contingency table. When finished entering your data, click the â€Å"calculate now† button to see the results of your Chi Square analysis. You may wish to print this last page to keep as a record. Chi Square, This page was created as part of the Mathbeans Project. The java applets were created by David Eck and modified by Jim Ryan. The Mathbeans Project is funded by a gran t from the National Science Foundation DUE-9950473.