tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60447352396708795292024-02-08T09:20:41.793-08:00How to write a essay proposalWww Essay Writing Com TopicsRoger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.comBlogger35125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-46195037041631450292020-08-23T01:19:00.001-07:002020-08-23T01:19:35.021-07:003 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview Youââ¬â¢ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps youââ¬â¢re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly youââ¬â¢re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. Youââ¬â¢ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space youââ¬â¢ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybodyââ¬â¢s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYouââ¬â¢ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, itââ¬â¢s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however itââ¬â¢s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-85759032105929315522020-08-21T23:01:00.001-07:002020-08-21T23:01:38.019-07:00Interview student from Russia Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsMeeting understudy from Russia - Article Example These are exceptional workshops, where we get together and talk about current issues. I attempt to visit whatever number exercises as could be expected under the circumstances, for instance, we have workshops on legislative issues, financial aspects, movies and music, writing. During our last gathering (before I went to the US) we talked about the viewpoint of the European Union and the consequences of submissions in France and the Netherlands. Concerning me, I think, this thought has consistently been somewhat counterfeit, it doesn't carry a lot of benefit contrasting and the cash that is spent to help it, take a gander at the Euro, its quality won't keep going for long. However, that is just my feeling. I am to demonstrate it, I need to compose a paper with my thoughts. - In the start of the 90s, after the breakdown of the Soviet Union, there was felt absence of fund in training, while in the US there was a lot of consideration paid to it. In the Soviet Union training was free; these days we have another option, regardless of whether to learn at the state or private (which implies one is to pay much for it) school, school, college. Incidentally, a similar circumstance is in the circle of medication. - Officially, truly, yet the holding up rundown would be exceptionally long, in this way, most presumably, you wouldn't require any clinical treatment as of now. That is the reason informally you need to offer cash to specialists or purchase medications. At that point, talking about the arrangement of instruction, with respect to me, I learn at the State University for nothing and even get a grant, yet there are understudies who pay for their examinations and these entireties are extremely enormous, in this way, I'm apprehensive, advanced education isn't accessible for everybody. - In the US you have the chance to choose without anyone else whether to concentrate just or to work or consolidate your activity with learns at the school or college. I think, that working while at the same time contemplating is significant on the grounds that it is a decent preparing and experience. - In Russia training is necessary just for initial eight classes, at that point you can go to work, on the off chance that you need to enter the college, you are to read for two additional years, and afterward attempt to breeze through your tests for advanced education. I attempt to consolidate studies and employment, however now and again it causes issues either at the University of at work... - Let's discussion about regular day to day existence in Russia. In what ways is it intriguing or bizarre Is it harder or simpler for a normal resident in monetary viewpoint, for instance Is it hard for you, specifically - Yes. I comprehend. In Western nations there are a lot of generalizations about Russia: that its entire populace comprises both of starving heavy drinkers or criminals (or hoodlums drunkards). Be that as it may, luckily it isn't so. Trust me. Obviously, there are criminals, as in any nation - in huge urban areas it tends to be fairly risky to show up in the road late around evening time. With respect to vodka, it is as yet an issue, particularly in the open country, since individuals can't secure position there, the Soviet arrangement of kolkhoz and sovkhoz (ranches which have a place with the state) Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-87105398433827007772020-07-10T19:19:00.001-07:002020-07-10T19:19:02.758-07:00What Philosophy of Science Essay Topics Should You Consider?What Philosophy of Science Essay Topics Should You Consider?Many students may be wondering if they should choose a philosophy of science essay topic, or something else. There are a variety of different factors to consider when choosing this type of essay topic.Some people prefer the philosophy of science essay topics that focus on a single question or idea that would apply to most situations. For example, if a student asked about the chemical composition of a unique form of life, he or she could write an essay about the creation of the universe, the formation of the solar system, and the reason for the existence of life in the world. The main theme would be how the concept of God evolved.But there are also other types of philosophy of science essay topics. A philosopher could write about the history of science, describing how the philosophies have developed. There is the issue of where scientists stand today compared to where they stood five or ten years ago. Or the individual scient ist might want to write about how the scientific process changed or developed as time has passed.Other types of philosophy of science essay topics could be on a human subject such as science and ethics. A student might write an essay on scientific research into the effect of behavior on the environment. Or the history of space exploration, how it came to be.Another popular philosophy of science essay topics might be why the sciences are better than the humanities, or how the existence of God supports a number of scientific theories. A student might want to compare and contrast science with religion.A final type of philosophy of science essay topics would be on the potential application of science to society. The professor could ask a student to explain how their ideas would lead to a society or business. Or the professor might see the application of scientific principles in developing new technologies.Philosophy of science is not the only option for students who want to get an under standing of the philosophy of science. But it can be a good avenue for many students to get a good understanding of the various ways that science is relevant in our society today. Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-28115035884100686822020-05-06T22:49:00.001-07:002020-05-06T22:49:03.159-07:00First Impressions Are Not Last Impressions - 1608 Words First Impressions are Not Lasting Impressions When you see a person in a wheelchair, a person with no legs, or a person with physical abnormalities what is you reaction? Do you stare with curiosity? Do you pretend to be indifferent and walk by like there is no person there at all? Are you disgusted or stricken with pity? Or do you see them as a person, just like you, living their life the best they know how? Our perception of people are largely based on their physical appearance and often the thoughts that enter our minds when we see an individual that has a visual disability are negative and cause us to formulate a disapproving impression about their person as a whole. The question lies in what happens with the initial impression.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Or if a person is missing a limb, in our minds they are an incomplete person. We may think that they dont have the same things to offer society that a person with that has all four limbs intact has. In the same light, if an individual were to be unable to speak a word or sentence with fluidity due to some dysfunctional neurological function, we assume that they are somehow stupid and they dont have the capacity to formulate a meaningful and intelligent thought, when in reality they may intellectually far surpass the average person. Due to this initial perception that is drawn, a broader conclusion is made about the person as an entire entity that mirrors that initial perception. In essence, a halo effect occurs and the persons positive or negative traits seem to spill over from one area of their personality to another in others perceptions of them. Bodily appearance assumes a major role because the visible appearance of an individual, not the invisible personality, constitutes the main basis of identification. (Chapter 4, Pg 61) But if these initial conclusions remain throughout the relationship, then how might a relationship between two people flourish into greater intimacy, similar to that of the relationships between the woman with cerebral palsy and the man at the party in Skin Horse? They answer is that they dont; the initial perceptions of people do not remain once one has gotten to know the person better.Show MoreRelatedAn Reflection On The Impression Formation1723 Words à |à 7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Impression is a long lasting image of a person created in our minds which can last long for years. There are a lot of research done by Solomon Asch (1946), Bruner Taiguri (1954), Rosenberg, Nelson Vivekanathan (1968) to understand Impression Formation. According to Solomon Asch (1946) at a glance of any person an impression of his personality can instantly form. Even by looking or talking with that person a whole story about his entire character can be told. These impressions can be formedRead More Principles of good customer service Essay1011 Words à |à 5 Pageshow you are feeling towards them. First Impressions First impressions count in any business, particularly overseas where dealing with people is such an important part of the work. You need to understand that the way you and your organisation present themselves to customers has a direct influence on their enjoyment, your job satisfaction and the future success of the organisation that employs you. In particular when meeting a customer for the first time it is important to have a good attitudeRead MoreImpact of a first impression816 Words à |à 4 PagesImpact of a First Impression It has commonly been stated that one is never given second chance to make a great first impression. Everyday we have numerous interactions, where opportunities come and go in an instant, like sliding doors opening and closing. Ideally, we want to seize these moments in a favorable way. It is of great importance to understand how our human behaviors effect the first impressions we give others. Importance of First Impressions By definition an impression is, ââ¬Å"a characteristicRead MoreFirst Impressions1450 Words à |à 6 PagesFirst impressions are very important to your every day life. They are the basis of how relationships start and how you are seen by other people. People, based on first impressions, form opinions. The opinions could begin many things and lead towards success or these opinions could be ones that are misleading and have a negative impact on how people relate to you. First impression are very important on peoples social life, in your education and in employment. In your social life, first impressionsRead MoreThe Solitary Reaper- an Analysis.764 Words à |à 4 PagesREAPER ââ¬âWilliam Wordsworth A general outline of the poem: Wordsworth, as a romantic nature poet gives his deep impression as he hears the song of the reaper in the highlands. The emphasis is on a single girl singing while she is reaping the corn-alone with nature. The poem highlights the emotional intensity of the girlââ¬â¢s song-it is sad, melancholic and overwhelming. The impression that the song makes on the poet is conveyed through the images of weary travelers lost in the desert reacting to theRead More First Impressions Essay1434 Words à |à 6 Pages First impressions are very important to your every day life. They are the basis of how relationships start and how you are seen by other people. People, based on first impressions, form opinions. The opinions could begin many things and lead towards success or these opinions could be ones that are misleading and have a negative impact on how people relate to you. First impression are very important on peopleââ¬â¢s social life, in your education and in employment. In your social li fe, first impressionsRead MoreWhat is Impression Formation1321 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction Impression formation is an idea formed without consciousness based on little evidence to evaluate a judgement. The process of forming impression is determined through verbal communication, non-verbal communication and paralinguistic cues. Verbal communication is the content of what a person says. Non-verbal communication is the way we present ourselves without using spoken language while paralanguage is the way we talk other than spoken words. This research conducted was experimentalRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1193 Words à |à 5 PagesThere is a second title to the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Jane Austen did not initially call the book title Pride and Prejudice but rather called it First Impressions. Although this book initially had a different title, they both have a significance at two different halves of the book.The initial title First Impressions that Austen gave to the book is dominantly reflected throughout the beginning. As the novel pr ogresses towards the middle to the ending, that is when we see the aspectsRead MoreFailure Is Much Often a Better Teacher Than Success,895 Words à |à 4 Pagesbeen a constant motivator in my ultimate goal, which is to be successful, and the absolute best I can possibly be. Since middle school athletics have been a major part of my life. Taking up almost all of my free time away from school. Spending my first semester of the 2008-2009 school year as a starter of the MLK Lions Football team, but with all of my hard work, I would never have gotten this opportunity without at some point dealing with failures. In conclusion, failure is often a better teacherRead MoreA Report On The Hotel Sector1420 Words à |à 6 Pagesintensifies. At the same time, the prosperously developing travel sector across the world manifests the huge market potential of the hotel sector (Milne, S., Ateljevic, I. (2001)). Lobby is the key department that gives the first impression and the last impression to customers and it represents the image of the whole hotel. The service includes the Protocol Department, the reception, the switchboard and the business center. The main functions are ordering, check-in, service in the hotel, check-out Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-47580980130383859692020-05-06T07:11:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:11:10.952-07:00Marketing Strategy Development Organization and the Industry Question: Discuss about theMarketing Strategy Developmentfor Organization and the Industry. Answer: Introduction The organisation, ASDA has been taken for complete analysis of the marketing strategies. It is one of the leading supermarket retailers that is operating in UK. It is selling a variety of products in its store. It has a general assortment of products, electronics items, garments and food items. The company is the second largest retailers after Tesco. The company also has a section that offers Financial Services to its customers. It also has a mobile phone business. The company has nearly 500 stores across the entire country with a combined workforce over 175,000. (Liu and Ko, 2014) The mission of ASDA is to become the best retailer in terms of value and not only meet but to exceed the needs of their customers on a regular basis. The purpose of ASDA is to help people save money by offering the products at the lowest possible price.The company is committed to its objectives to meet the challenges in the course of its business. They are careful that the quality that is offered is in no way affected by the adversities that they face in their business. They work on a continuous basis to offer the best products to the customers which are sustainable in nature. Marketing is the method of promoting the products of the company for sale. It is only through the sale of the products or the services that a company earns its revenue. Every company takes certain strategies for marketing to maximise the sale of its products. The most unique selling point for the products of ASDA is the pricing policy. The company maintains one of the lowest prices to attract its customers.(Ododo, et.al, 2015).It is committed to give the products lower than any other player in the retail market. As per its declaration, it gives products at rates cheaper to the extent of 10% in comparison to that of its competitors. The cost comparison can be done online also. The comparative prices can be obtained during the time of online shopping. One can know the prices at the rival stores by sitting at home. The low pricing factor is the main reason behind the voluminous sale of ASDA. The branding of a company helps in easy identification of a company and its product. After the takeover of ASDA by WalMart in 1999, there has been a thrust on the branding exercises which form an important part of the marketing strategies.(Stobart, 2016).ASDA is offering food, apparel, household items, books, music CDs, etc. It has also added sections selling medicines, optical, ornaments, etc. The food items are being sold with the branding of being low cost items. The new businesses have incorporated the similar messages that have led to an easy identification with the customers.The company has also introduced financial services. The company focuses on its low pricing with quality as part of its branding and promotion exercises. (Zentes and Morschett, 2013) Analysis of the 5Cs for the Organization Company- The Company can be Analysed on the Basis of the SWOT Analysis. Strength: The Company deals with multiple products and services. It also has a strong marketing campaign in place. The Company is very good at maintaining the contact with its customers. It wants feedbacks from the customers for bettering its products and services. It does its best to meet the customer satisfaction levels. The Company has a strong image of a responsible corporate citizen. It undertakes various CSR activities to remain committed to the community. (Metzger, 2014) Weakness: ASDA has its presence majorly in the U.K. Opportunity: There are huge scopes for the Company in the newly added areas of pharmaceuticals, jewellery, photography and opticals. The Company can explore growing markets in countries such as China and India. (Pancholi, 2014) Threats: There are threats of pricing from rivals. Maintaining low pricingbecomes a pressure at times. Some Government policies also create challenges. Customers- All segments of the society are the target customers of ASDA. It has been found that women customers are more than that of men. They form the segment who buys the regular use products. The males are also customers who buy the products for the entire family. People tend to look for quality at the best prices. The household expenses are dependent on these expenses and people tend to buy within a monthly budget. (Seaton and Waterson, 2013) Collaborators- ASDA maintains a steady healthyrelation with its suppliers. It believes in a win-win relationship. It has different suppliers in the areas of FMCG products, general goods, and apparel. One of the thrust areas is to keep the pricing low so that the Company can retain its market shares. A smooth relation with the collaborators is essential to keep a steady flow of stock of products in the different stores spread across the nation. Competitors- The major competitors of ASDA are Tesco, Sainsbury and WM Morrison Supermarkets. ASDA is second in the place of retail in UK after Tesco. The needs of the customers are changing and that has to be met to stay in the race. The pressure is of the pricing which has to be kept low but the quality of the products has to be maintained. As of now, there are no threats from any new entrants but the existing players have to be dealt with strategically. (Dey, 2016) Context- If the supermarkets are shifted outside the city, the footfall of the customers will tend to come down. This may become a serious business threat for ASDA. The day to day products will be bought by the people from smaller stores that may be nearer to their residences. With the economic turmoil, the disposable cash in the hands of the people have gone down. This has led to the fall in the sales overall. If more money can be pumped in for the advertisement expenses, there are chances of the rise in the sales figures. How does the Firm go about Collecting Information? For the best marketing of the products and services, there needs to be a market research carried out. ASDA has to determine what the actual need of the customers is. Only if it can match the requirement of the customers, it will be able to stay in the competition with its rivals. Retention of the customers will be possible through this. Questionnaire forms and feedback sets from the customers can provide an insight into the actual requirements of the customers. The changes have to be made accordingly so that these issues are addressed and the customers are retained. The customers are very sensitive to their requirements. The Company keeps a close watch on its competitors and the way they are marketing their products. The competition in the retail market is very stiff. The major competition is in keeping the prices down and within reach of customers. The Company tries to maintain the lowest price ranges to retain the market share. (Zikmund, et.al, 2013) The companies such as Tesco and Sainsbury are closes competitors. The Company maintains a close watch on the offers that these companies are making to attract the customers. Accordingly, a change in the promotional approach has to be done. The maintheme is to keep the customersattracted to the Companys products. (Hair Jr and Lukas, 2014) The collaborators such as the suppliers also play a major role in the maintaining of the market position. If the suppliers are not punctual and regular with the delivery of their products, the Company will have to suffer. It has to be ensured that the suppliers are in close contact and are equipped to provide the supply as per the requirement. If there is a shortage of supply, the customers will not wait. They would prefer to go to the stores of a rival Company to collect the product of their choice. Also, the availability of variety should also be there so that customers are free to make a choice as per their discretion. (Ogilvie, et.al, 2016) With the widespread popularity of the digital media, online shopping has caught up. Many people prefer to do their shopping by sitting at home on the online shopping page. A proper e-commerce page is necessary where the products should be highlighted properly so that online sales pick up. The range of products has also increased. The customers have a wide range of options. If the offer is not attractive enough with low pricing, there is every possibility that a customer can shift to a product from a rival brand. Competition has become stiffer and customers have become more conscious of quality. (Fullerton, 2014) Developing the Marketing Strategy ASDA can go for dividing the market according to specialised areas. It will be easier to address the customers in the segmented manner. Relevant advertisements can be made that will be more appealing to this segment of potential customers. The company can also keep in contact with this target segment in a better way. The market segment can also be done on the basis of age. All [products do not appeal to people of all ages. If the promotions can be done in a way that appeals to the age segment, the sales figures are bound to rise. (Simkin, 2016).The ads made targeted for the youths will have different language and presentation compared to those which are for relatively aged people. The Company can also go for opening smaller stores in different parts of the country. The operating stores are generally large supermarkets that are in larger cities. With smaller stores spread out over the land, the reach will be increased to a much bigger number of customers. This will result in higher sa les figures which will lead to a growth in the profits. This will pose a barrier in case any new entrant plans to come into the market. The loyalty of the customers is bound to get enhanced with this option. (Hoang, 2016) As ASDA has been taken over by Wal Mart, it has now got the experience and expertise of the food and the fashion field. The Company has now a much better quality of products to offer.The Company is committed to offer the best quality at the lowest prices. The Company is always on the lookout for lowering its prices. The major threat is from the Competitors. The only way to stay ahead of them is to offer the customers something different that would seem more beneficial to the customers. ASDA has to actively keep a watch on the offers that are being brought out by the rivals. (Ododo, et. al, 2015).It needs to offer schemes that will make a greater saving on the part of the customers. This unique feature needs to be stressed on the promotional activities and the advertisements. The different ads must appeal to the emotions of the customers. If they are so and are eye-catchy, people will tend to buy from ASDA. The Company should always position its products as per the target segments. It must keep on a continuous survey to catch hold of any developing requirement of the customers. If any point is found that has to be addressed immediately. If the chance is missed out, it may be capitalised by one of the rivals. (Daniel, 2015) Developing the Marketing Tactics For the best effects of the marketing results,a marketing mix of the 7Ps needs to be carried out. None of them can be ignored as they are dependent on each other. (Hamzah and Sutanto, 2016) Product:The Company must always have the products in its focus. There should be ample variety for the customers. They should meet the needs of the customers. The requirements of the customers tend to change. The Company must keep track of the needs so that ASDA may be able to meet these requirements and the customers feel attracted to buy these products. Place: The ready availability of the products at the stores is necessary. The larger stores house a larger variety of products. But, these supermarkets are there only in the big cities. If smaller stores are developed that are spread out over the country, larger people can have access to the different products that are sold by ASDA. The chances of greater sales revenues are increased. (Sethna and Blythe, 2016) Price: Pricing is one of the most sensitive parts of business. In a retail store like ASDA, people want to get the best quality of the products at the lowest price. Most of the customers will buy only when they are satisfied with the pricing. They can only be wooed if the pricing is kept low without decreasing the quality of the products. Promotion: Promoting the products in the most catchy and innovative manner can boost the sales of products. ASDA should engaged different innovative advertisements to catch the attention of the customers. Different offers should be provided that can help customers get the feel of saving money which in turn increases sales such as Buy one, get one free. Collections of points over purchase and redeeming them into money or gifts can also be attractive ideas. (Datta, H, et.al, 2016) People: The employees of ASDA play a vital role in the business. People who are employed should be efficient at their jobs. The ones who are dealing with the customers directly should always try to make the customers satisfied. This is the key to increase customer loyalty. The approach should be friendly and no customer should go back with any kind of grudge. Process: The shopping experience for the customer has to be made as smooth as possible. There should be no hitches faced by the customer. This is applicable to the stores as well as the online shopping. The display of the products and the billing and payment should all follow a smooth process. Physical Evidence:The different products have to be kept properly displayed by ASDA. The physical evidence creates a significant impact on the buying behaviour of the customer. The customer should be able to have a demonstration of the use of the product if so desired. (McCann, 2014) The proper use of the 7Ps will create the most effective marketing tactics for ASDA. None of them are to be dealt with independently. A proper mix of them can create the desired results. Reference Liu, G. and Ko, W.W., 2014. An integrated model of cause-related marketing strategy development.AMS review,4(3-4), pp.78-95. Stobart, P. ed., 2016.Brand power.Springer. Zentes, J. and Morschett, D., 2013. Retail BrandingConcept, Effects and its.Strategic Management: A European Approach, p.161. Metzger, K., 2014. Business analysis of UK supermarket industry. Pancholi, K., 2014. Retail stores of the UK and determinants of their customers' satisfaction.The Business Management Review,5(1), p.220. Seaton, J.S. and Waterson, M., 2013. Identifying and characterising price leadership in British supermarkets.International Journal of Industrial Organization,31(5), pp.392-403. Dey, K., 2016.Customer Loyalty in the UK. What Causes Consumers to Be Disloyal to Big Supermarket Brands? Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods.Cengage Learning. Hair Jr, J.F. and Lukas, B., 2014.Marketing research.McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Ogilvie, J., Lindsey, K., Reynolds, K. and Northington, W.M., 2016. Examining Reactive Customer Engagement Strategies in Online Shopping Cart Abandonment: A Regulatory Fit Perspective.InRediscovering the Essentiality of Marketing(pp. 755-756).Springer International Publishing. Fullerton, G., 2014. The moderating effect of normative commitment on the service quality-customer retention relationship.European Journal of Marketing,48(3/4), pp.657-673. Hoang, T., 2016. Market research and marketing plan to enter the United King-dom food supplements market. Case Danapha. Daniel, H., 2015. The impact of the marketing environment: Greggs.Docs.school Publications. Hamzah, S.B. and Sutanto, J.E., 2016.The Role of Marketing Mix (7P) for Consumer Buying Decision Pastry Cake in Malang City. Sethna, Z. and Blythe, J., 2016.Consumer Behaviour.SAGE. Datta, H., Ailawadi, K.L. and van Heerde, H.J., 2016. How Well Does Consumer-Based Brand Equity Align with Sales-Based Brand Equity and Marketing Mix Response?.Journal of Marketing. McCann, S., 2014.An investigation into the value of product names, their impact on consumer behaviour and subsequent marketing tactics. An investigation using low-involvement purchases within the Irish retail sector(Doctoral dissertation, Dublin Business School). Ododo, C., Mulholland, G. and Turner, J., 2015, November. Can Discount Pricing Be A Comeptitive Brand Strategy? An Evaluation of Aldi.InInternational Conference on Marketing and Business Development(Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 241-251).Bucharest University of Economic Studies Publishing House. Ododo, C., Mulholland, G. and Turner, J., 2015, November. Can Discount Pricing Be A Comeptitive Brand Strategy? An Evaluation of Aldi.InInternational Conference on Marketing and Business Development(Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 241-251).Bucharest University of Economic Studies Publishing House. Simkin, L., 2016. 11 Segmentation.The Marketing Book, p.271. Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-5543294865884753092020-04-23T01:19:00.001-07:002020-04-23T01:19:02.337-07:00Sigma Marketing free essay sample Sigma Marketing Case Study Sigma Marketing has been ahead its time from the marketing aspect for decades. Although the company will have to adjust to the external environment in order to have continued success. The case study did not seem to mention competition but the company has a niche which limits the competition they will face. Finding an unfilled need is the key to reducing or eliminating competition. Therefore, I do not foresee competitors creating a major problem for Sigma as they are the founders for what they do and continue to raise the bar in order to stay relevant. According to the text, technology advancements refer to the way accomplish tasks or the processes we use to create the ââ¬Å"thingsâ⬠we consider new (Ferrell amp; Hartline, 2011). Technology can create new marketing opportunities for those companies that embrace and implement the changes. Sigma has always invested in additional training, continued education and upgrades regarding technology advances. We will write a custom essay sample on Sigma Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their commitment to stay in the forefront will serve them well in the future. From administrative tools to e-commerce, technology will be the companyââ¬â¢s biggest challenge over the years. As technology advances, companies may find ways to produce some items in-house with the younger generations starting to become a part of the workforce that grasps technology better than the aging workforce in place. In order to combat the changes in the workforce, Sigma must put a strong emphasis on communication. Communication with the client is an essential aspect of firmââ¬â¢s success. With several choices available many times the decision maker is the customer service that a company provides. Continuing to solidify communication to long standing clients and building new relationships with new clients will make a big difference. Communication will have the biggest impact on Sigma as technology makes face to face meetings obsolete. Sigma must find new ways to keep a face and the name connected. Phone calls and annual meetings with clients to discuss what they have done and what they are looking to do differently will play a large part in keeping clientsââ¬â¢ needs met. SWOT for Sigma Marketing Potential Internal StrengthsRespected companySuperior managementBetter marketing skillsAlliances with other firmsGood distribution skillsCommitted mployeesWell trained employeesGrowing product line| Potential External OpportunitiesChanging customer needsNew technologyClientââ¬â¢s growth| Potential Internal WeaknessesProduct lineLoss of visionary Aging workforce| Potential External ThreatsChanging customer needsRival firms developing new strategiesEconomic downturnNew technology| The most important strategic initiatives for Sigma are personnel strategies, succession plans and sustainability. Making sure that Sigma personnel continues to be well educated and skilled will help to determine whether the company continues to grow or starts to decline in the long term. Succession of leadership goes along with the strength of the personnel. Once Mike retires, there will need to be a smooth transition of leadership. This transition will affect the entire company from the vision to client relations. If done properly there will only be minimal adjustments and continued growth of the company. Otherwise this transition can be the companyââ¬â¢s downfall. Sustainability is another vital issue. With many companies going green trying to reduce their carbon footprint, Sigma must continue to find ways to reduce theirs also. Companies with these environmental concerns pay more for services and products from green companies and stop doing business with those companies that are not making a difference. Sigma Marketing has been an innovator since the beginning and continues to reinvent itself. If it continues to follow the vision that its founder had the company should have continued success and growth. References Ferrell, O. C. , amp; Hartline, M. D. (2011). Marketing Strategy (5th ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-47138819852596250602020-03-17T04:26:00.001-07:002020-03-17T04:26:02.908-07:00The Golden Age of Islam essaysThe Golden Age of Islam essays The rise of Islam ushered in an entirely new era for the people of the Arabian Peninsula as early as the 7th century CE.à Islam extended itself across the Middle East and then began its conquest of North Africa, reaching into Spain and Eastern Europe.à The 1200s saw Islam's spread into India as well as Southeast Asia.à The success and expansion of Islam throughout these times was founded on the power of the empire's military, the effectiveness of a common language, and the egalitarian practices of leaders regarding conquered peoples. Islamic armies possessed the ability to efficiently and quickly advance the territories of their empires by employing advanced ideas and tactics as well as their superior use of a militant cavalries made up of both horses and camels.à The leaders of these armies and empires treated conquered peoples with remarkable tolerance, once these people agreed to their authority, of course. In combination with this territorial expansion, intellectual e xpansion exploded. This time period is known as the Golden age of Islam and was focused on three main principles of language, trade, and education. In order to read the Quran, a devout Muslim would need to learn Arabic, the original language of the holy book. This religious requirement affected more than just the daily religious practices of Muslims, it aided in uniting the multifarious indigenous cultures within the empire of Islam. The spread of knowledge, technologies, and ideas was made possible by the use of this common language, effectively uniting the culture. Literacy is an important aspect of this transformation. Unifying faiths and languages alone, for all that, did not solely inspire the expansion of literacy and academics cultivated by the Golden Age of Islam, however. Because of expanded trade, the city of Samarkand, on the eastern border of the empire, brought in Chinese technology for making paper. All of a sudden, the time-intensive transforma... Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-64801985924210532872020-02-29T18:50:00.001-08:002020-02-29T18:50:05.253-08:00Basf Marketing Report In order to be known as ââ¬Å"Theâ⬠global chemical supplier BASF redefined its image by officially changing its name from ââ¬Å"BASFâ⬠to ââ¬Å"BASF the chemical companyâ⬠in 2004. This bold statement is expressed in their brand, corporate identity and company logo. BASF has lived up to this goal establishing itself as the largest chemical company in the world. (1) BASF, which stands for Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory), has used its image marketing to evoke the concept that We dont make a lot of the products you buy. We make a lot of the products you buy better. à ®. BASF posted sales of 52. 6 billion euro in 2006 (1) placing itself above Dow Chemical, its closest competition, followed by companies Bayer AG and DuPont. BASF the chemical company markets a strategy in all its divisions called the ââ¬Å"Verbundâ⬠concept, a German word meaning ââ¬Å"linkedâ⬠. This concept of total integration is how BASF aligns its businesses internally as well as with customers and suppliers. BASF has realized a competitive advantage by not only integrating but interlocking value chains. In the last three years practicing on the Verbund concept acquisitions like Engelhard Corporation, Degussa AG and Johnson Polymers have allowed BASF to further its vertical integration of its businesses. In 2007 BASF found its place at a rank of 81 on the Fortune Global 500 Companies list, up from 94 in 2006. In February of 2006 Fortune magazine performed a survey of U. S business professionals and BASF earned the distinction of being one of the 50 most admired companies in the world in a global comparison. Introduction When you say ââ¬Å"BASF the chemical companyâ⬠many people may not know the name but those who do can usually recite the slogan: We dont make a lot of the products you buy. We make a lot of the products you buy better. à ®. Even those that can recite the slogan can be quite challenged to give one example of a product that BASF makes. Given this you would be amazed at some of the everyday products that use BASF chemicals. The additive that thickens your shampoo, the Ibuprofen used in your pain medication, the Legos à ® your kids play with all have components supplied by BASF. The only reason an average person would hear of BASF is through their corporate level image advertising. How is it that a company whose products are never seen by the average consumer ends up as the worlds largest in its industry? How it is a company that many have not heard of could make acquisitions in the 1. 6 billion dollar range? How is it a company can post sales in the 52. 6 billion euro range and the average consumer does not know who they are yet there products are everywhere? The first team discussions on what company to do the report on a team member brought some information to the table. This information is that he works for the worldââ¬â¢s largest chemical company and no one knew what the company truly makes provoking the questions from above. The challenge is to understand how a company markets itself to a global position without the normal consumers influence. Our team chose this company to look at a business that would perform its marketing in a different environment than the main stream consumer environment and to better understand how a company markets without being seen. This is a report on business to business marketing observations of BASF the chemical company. Table of Contents â⬠¢Macro-Environment Context â⬠¢Marketing, Research Customer Analysis â⬠¢Segmentation Target Markets â⬠¢Differentiation and Positioning â⬠¢Marketing Decision Levers â⬠¢Recommendations Macro-Environment Context BASF is the worlds leading chemical company. They offer intelligent solutions based on innovative products and top notch services to its customers globally. This is the basis of their mission statement and purpose as a company. Their mission is also to create opportunities for success through trusted and reliable partnerships. BASF visions of success include sustainable profitable performance, innovation for the success of customers, safety health and environmental responsibility, personal and professional confidence, mutual respect and open dialog as well as integrity. Creating a Sustainable Profitable Performance to BASF is the basis for all activities within the company. They are continually committed to the interest of their customers first and foremost. They take pride in rewarding their employees, shareholders and take the same stance with regards to society as a whole to better the environment around them for future generations. BASF takes pride in developing innovation for their customers to add continuous long term partnerships well into the future. Their trade mark statement of We dont make a lot of the products you buy. We make a lot of the products you buy better. à ® clearly states this philosophy. They derive nearly all of their business from Business to Business (B2B) sales. This makes innovation very important in all of their many niches in multiple markets they involve themselves in. Partnerships are valued within BASF and are built upon continually to mutually take advantage of highly scientific and technological advances. Due to the nature of the business, that being a chemical company, the environment must take precedence to ensure success. In this day and age, if your company doesnââ¬â¢t take steps to protect the environment that it is in, it wonââ¬â¢t be in business long enough to matter. BASF takes safety, health, and environment responsibility to a level that supersedes that of economic considerations. BASF makes their products environmentally friendly for future generations by supporting the Responsible Care TM initiatives. BASF puts itself among the best in the world by fostering group-wide diversity personal and professional competencies. They feel that diversity leads to global success and capitalizes on competition by offering many differing views. They encourage employees to be creative and utilize their potential for common success. In addition they treat everyone fairly and with mutual respect. They try to keep open dialog with all employees, customers, stockholders and relevant groups within society to keep all on a level playing field. The last core value that BASF incorporates is Integrity. The company acts with respect to their words and values. They comply with all laws and respect all good business practices in the many countries that they operate. BASF has a great strategy that includes 4 simple strategic initiatives. They earn a premium on their capital, they help their customer be more successful, they form the best team in the industry, and they ensure sustainable development. All of which are conveyed in the visions for the company same as above. The strategic initiatives are the product of years of providing excellent products at a competitive price to all of its customers. Politically speaking, BASF is globally involved. Based in Germany and intertwined within business all around the world it would be impossible to not be involved in politics. It takes a great stance on political issues to continue its success in business and to show continued enthusiasm in protecting the environment. With regards to the Environment, BASF strives to be the best and let the world know that this is an important issue. Environmental issues in past years have shown light on companies that make their business creating and working with chemicals. BASF cannot escape the microscope of this issue. They comply with all government regulations in all countries it does business to ensure their future. They support the Responsible Care TM initiatives and keep them at the forefront of their values. Environmental issues to BASF ties directly to their social responsibility. The people at BASF value their own lives as much as their neighbors and support this by their integrity. They treat those around the world with the same respect that they feel they would want, regardless of what they are doing. Be it they are selling products to another company or creating a new product, social responsibility is never taken lightly. Technologically BASF prides itself in being the best for themselves and those they do business. They invest millions upon millions to ensure success in the ever changing markets all over the globe. They pass their technological advances on to their customers to ensure continued success and lasting partnerships. Technological advances in the chemical field have undoubtedly kept BASF at the top for so many years. Given a clear SWOT analysis of BASF from any level of the organization, the business unit, the product line or the specific product yields a clear image of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats all over the globe. SWOT analyses are often used during sales meetings to identify opportunities in the market. They have proven themselves over and over by being a superior company throughout all markets. A tried and true philosophy rooted in the companyââ¬â¢s vision and values brings this out in them. They continually identify trends in the industry and counter the changes all the time. In addition they analyze their competition whenever possible to capitalize on those before them. BASF analyzes itself through multiple management channels to ensure continued innovation and profit for its customers, employees and shareholders. Teams all around the globe research the firmââ¬â¢s present and future clients to build lasting relationships and capitalize on hidden opportunities to improve themselves. Their strengths encompass being a globally prestigious brand, a large market share, and universally known for its social and environmental activities. Opportunities lie within possible joint product lines with other companies and customers. Weaknesses of BASF are global spreading in the way of having employees all over the world and keeping focus on attainable goals. They are influential in just about all markets and run the risk of being thin in a small amount of them. Threats within the chemical market could be the continual need to stay environmentally friendly. This can add costs and reduce focus on core assets of the business. While everyone wants to stay ââ¬Å"greenâ⬠, it comes at a price and that has to be economically accounted for keeping the cost benefit ratio at an equilibrium that is good for all. Marketing Research Customer Analysis BASF being a company that markets its goods and services to organizational firms primarily focuses on the practice of business marketing and being a company that produces no real end product the analysis of normal consumer behavior is not widely used. The success of a business to business marketing plan is in the hands of an organizations purchasing group. These groups that make the purchasing decisions for organizations usually have numerous deliverables that could drive the individual market. One group may see delivery performance as a key factor in their purchasing decisions, the next market segment may see price, value added services or warranty as the key elements. Because of this BASF must continually scan the environment of each of its individual segments and markets using a multidomestic marketing strategy. Being a global provider of chemicals the use a multidomestic marketing strategy helps in the sale of their diverse array of products dependant upon the particular market and the unique region. Marketing research in a commodity based business like the chemical business is primarily based on the use of combination of secondary data analysis and a small amount of primary data gathering and mainly environmental scanning. Scanning the environment and staying on top of the latest social, economic, technological, competitive and regulatory forces help BASF form its global strategy in marketing. This strategy then flows down to the different divisions using more practical marketing research tools to grow the business. Being a business to business company means marketing research is primarily secondary data. BASF globally uses SAP business software. The information gathered in this software is used to formulate sales forecast based off past performance. It is also used to analyze what products are moving and which are not giving key indicators of what products or even divisions are the Stars which are the Dogs, Cash Cows and Question marks. Corporate sales, procurement and logistic systems like WorldAccount or Ensphereà ® are also used to gather this data to better service the customer. Trade magazines and publications are used by many of the divisions to gather data in the development of marketing plans. Here is an example from one of the divisions; BASF Industrial Coatings uses trade publications like Metalmag and Construction News to analyze industry trends. Along with trade magazines industry web sites provide information as well. Sites like the one listed below provide valuable information to keep BASF on top of the industry and whatââ¬â¢s the voice of the customer. These sites are for the Industrial Coatings division. http://www. coolmetalroofing. org (cool metal roofing coalition) http://www. coolroofs. org (cool roof rating council) http://www. metalconstruction. org (metal construction association) http://www. themetalinitiative. com http://www. designandbuildwithmetal. com (new website lots of pertinent info). Although this is just one division of BASF the same practices reflect across the different divisions. Although not highly used, BASF does a small amount of primary data gathering. In the different divisions web polls, new product or service trials and focus groups have been used to gather information about the voice of the customer. Companies like Ducker Worldwide have performed ââ¬Å"Voice of the Customer Focus Groupsâ⬠to gather information on the performance of BASF as compared to their competition. Trials include potential new products or services that are either presented or given to a customer to test the markets interest in such goods. These goods or services are run through a customer in the industry to collect information on what the markets tolerance is for such goods or services. Regulatory, social, economic, competitive and technological forces help steer the marketing plan of the various BASF divisions. Through environmental scanning in each of these unique regions BASF collects data. The data is then analyzed to focus on trends in the global market. This data is then used to help direct the company and marketing plan. Canada has had legislation banning/limiting the use and importing of the chemicals such as Isophorone. Isophorone is a distillate of acetone a chemical used in inks, coatings and copolymers. This markets regulatory force led to a change in the components used in coatings sold into Canada. This led to the marketing of ââ¬Å"Isophrone Freeâ⬠coatings. This information was gathered and then marketed through brochures and fliers as well as the face to face interactions of the BASF sales force with their Canadian customers. With the ever increasing focus on the health of our environment, not only locally but globally, BASF has recognized this social pressure and focused an incredible amount of energy on marketing to the ââ¬Å"Green Movementâ⬠. A mere visit to the BASF web site will show the amount of energy being placed upon marketing to the environment. This Green Marketing can be seen in headlines like ââ¬Å"Intelligent solutions for climate protectionâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Sustainable developmentâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Eco-Efficiencyâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Climate Protectionâ⬠on the lead in page of their web site. BASF is currently marketing its association with world wide movement ââ¬Å"Eco- Efficiency Analysisâ⬠. Figure 1. Eco-Efficiency Analysis comparing BASF Ibuprofen to competition This term that was coined by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in its 1992 publication Changing Course looks at the overall footprint of a product from ââ¬Å"cradle to graveâ⬠. Realizing the negative image of chemicals and their effect on the environment BASF uses Eco-Efficiency certification to market and sell the total impact a product will have on the environment. The hope is that their product will stand out as environmentally better than the competitions (Figure 1). This certification is being offered on many of its product lines across the globe. Products like Ultradur à ® high Speed easy flow plastic, Ecoflex à ® biodegradable packaging material carry the Eco-Efficiency seal. Other products like or Ultra-cool à ® paints with UV resistant pigments to reduce heat transfer in buildings carry the Energy Star certification. All these have come from environmental scanning. Ultra cool was marketed well enough that it pre-dated any legislation that followed. Californiaââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Title 24 Energy Codeâ⬠now mandates solar reflective coatings used in construction. In the metal roofing industry BASF was the only company producing ââ¬Å"coolâ⬠coatings that could meet this legislation and they were producing it before the legislation was enacted. Since then all major suppliers of paint for metal roofing have developed and now market ââ¬Å"coolâ⬠coatings. This market segment did not exist until the development of BASFs Ultra-coolà ® coatings. This is a testament to the effects of collecting marketing data using environmental scanning, product development and marketing. In scanning the economic climate BASF has gathered data for years on the benefits of their concept Verbund also known as total integration. The Verbund concept has been marketed through every division of BASF the chemical company. There is a ââ¬Å"Purchasing Verbundâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Safety Verbundâ⬠, a ââ¬Å"Production Verbundâ⬠and many more. All of these wide variety of products would make you think that there are a lot of different prices to consider when purchasing from BASF. Because the products they offer are mostly raw materials, the prices of their products change with the economy. When the price of oil goes up, their prices for materials related to that product go up as well. They donââ¬â¢t base their prices off of any index or manufacturer recommendation. This price fluctuation does not affect the quality of their services as there is really no comparison by price to judge whether or not the product is quality. The price that BASF offers for itââ¬â¢s products does not affect consumer perceptions of their company. It seems that along with the business of providing chemicals, they also bring along the feeling of connecting with their customer on a higher level. That overrules the price effect on a consumers decision to go with BASF. BASF does not use the concept of off-peak pricing, which consists of charging different prices during different times of the day, week, or month. This usually reflects the varying demands of the services or products offered. BASF would not benefit from this tactic because the only reason their price changes would be due to the economy and their resources. They do not have a peak time or an off-peak time of demands for their products because they are raw materials and chemicals. The chemicals that BASF offers are in need to make finished products by many different companies at all times of the year. Place BASF uses the e-commerce network widely to reach their customers and suppliers. E-commerce is the electronic handling of business transactions with purchases and production. They conduct most of their transactions through the web in which a customer can log into their personal account and purchase their products through what they call WorldAccount. BASF uses the new internet e-commerce world as a way to make communication faster, more effective, and more direct. It allows customers to have service 24/7, get precise product information, have orders processed faster as well as keep current data on all of your orders. BASF found that the e-commerce way of providing products was the best way allowing more detail and service to be provided to the customer. BASF also has a good representation with production and sales facilities in all of the economic regions. They are located in five continents which are Europe (which is their home market), North America, Asia, Africa and South America. They have more than 100 large sites throughout the world which allows them to be closer to their customers in 170 countries and supply them with their products in a reliable manner. BASF has verbund sites located in Germany (Ludwigshafen), Belgium (Antwerp), Freeport Texas, Louisiana, Malaysia (Kuantan), and China (Nanjing). The term verbund is a German word and means ââ¬Å"linkedâ⬠or ââ¬Å"integratedâ⬠. These verbund facilities make use of integration production processes which makes it less expensive to manufacture the products. This allows BASF to supply a wide variety of different sectors. BASF also operates important production sites which are located in Germany (Schwarzheide), Spain (Tarragona), Port Arthur, Texas, Mexico (Altamira), Brazil (Guaratingueta), China (Shanghai), Japan, (Yokkaichi) and Korea (Ulsan). The use of these multiple locations makes BASF a company that one can rely on almost anywhere you are located. This allows the company to become inseparable from their customers making it more convenient to do business with them in person, as well as through their online stores. Promotion The main idea about BASFââ¬â¢s promotional campaign in Europe is to show that certain things would not exist without their chemicals. It aids you in the course of life and without them, certain things would not be attainable for you. Their main slogan is ââ¬Å"Invisible Contribution. Visible Success. They are aiming to show you that BASF is often working behind the scenes to make their invisible contribution that creates a visible success for their customers through using their chemicals to create the end product. Their image campaign in Europe(which is made up of television commercials and print ads) is directed at the opinion leaders. These are members of society who lead others and shape the views of the general public. The campaign has been covered in Germany, France, Great Britian, Italy, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands through newspapers and lifestyle magazines (such as business, news and science magazines). Their television ads are broadcast during scientific and sport programs, new bulletins, films and television series and is aimed at a wide target audience in Europe. They feature different ads for each type of chemical that they provide which include television ads for the paper industry, the semiconductor industry, water treatment, house construction, sports and leisure, road construction, agricultural products, extreme sports, automotive industry, bridge construction, sun protection, fuel, and plasticizers. They are making sure that they cover each kind of service that they offer by showing this wide variety of television and print ads. BASF uses a discrete way of creating publicity for themselves. When you are on their website for Europe advertising you have the opportunity to download their several different print ad campaigns and use them how you would like. They also offer the option for you to purchase either a postcard or poster of the ad. Publicity is something that is nonpersonal and an indirectly paid presentation of an organization, good or service. In this case, the customer, or fan of BASF, is paying for the poster or postcard, and in turn when sending that postcard or putting up that poster, they are providing no personal advertising that was not directly paid for by BASF. It is a pretty creative way of getting a profit and recognition while allowing their customerââ¬â¢s to do the advertising for them. In this case, the publicity works for them. When it comes to advertising in America, the rules are a little different than they are in Europe. Their main theme is that they are helping to make products better. Their main focus is to show how their chemicals can make your everyday life better here and around the world by creating remarkable and visible changes in many of the most important industries. Their slogan is ââ¬Å"We dont make a lot of the products you buy. We make a lot of the products you buy better. à ®Ã¢â¬ . This slogan, according to BASF, has made them the most recognized of any chemical company in North America. The purpose of the several different TV ads allow you to see that they donââ¬â¢t make the finished product, they just provide the quality ingredients to make the best products. It also allows you to see that there are countless uses of the BASF materials that allows you to enjoy life. Just as their slogan says, in most of their TV ads they tell you that they donââ¬â¢t make the product, they just make the product itself better. For example, ââ¬Å"We donââ¬â¢t make the helmet, We make it tougherâ⬠is a slogan used in a commercial about their Ultramid polymide nylon that provides hardness and abrasion resistance commonly used in helmets. Along with their TV and print ads, BASF is moving into a more innovational way of advertising to keep up with the demands of advertising and todayââ¬â¢s technology. They offer through their website Podcasts. These podcasts include an audible innovation magazine of BASF that offers monthly topics on how chemistry and chemicals will design and shape our future. The other podcast available through the BASF website is ââ¬Å"The Chemical Reporterâ⬠. This podcast is for the curious person that has questions about chemistry in your everyday life. This podcast offers answer in their weekly episodes. You can download this to your iTunes account or as an MP3 file for you MP3 player. Another innovation offered is to receive all news alerts and press releases through a RSS feed free of charge. This allows a customer to receive up-to-date news about BASF in a very quick and comfortable way (at your own computer). The only draw back is that you have to download and RSS-reader, but once you have you can select from several different news topics about BASF available online at their website. Iââ¬â¢m sure these new innovations are there to create a buzz and traffic to their website. Recommendations The success of BASF marketing can be seen in there continual growth globally. To make recommendations would be easier if we were to look at one division of the company. Either due to market conditions or poor market strategy planning not all the divisions of BASF can be doing well at any given time. The American auto industry is in a state of flux with ever present pressures from the global market. Although divisionally BASF will feel these pressures globally their affiliation with non-US auto makers absorb some of this industries variation, this allowing time for the US market to be analyzed and adjustments to be made. Pure recommendations would have to come from some direct market analysis based off of the division of the company. BASF has done a great job in their Verbund concept. Being a supplier, the concept of interlocking processes or systems creates a relationship with the customer that is hard, or sometimes inefficient to break. From this alignment with cusotmers long term relationships are established. BASF could draw better on global technologies. In looking through the BASF corporate web site many of the technologies that are seen are from different countries. Online information on the use of these products in a specific country could not be confirmed or denied as a potential customer it would have been nice to know that they are available domestically. One observation is that BASF although a hidden part of many ââ¬Å"name brandâ⬠products does not benefit from any of their customers successes. Co-branding could lock in the business through the social pressures felt by dropping BASF as a supplier in favor of an alternative. One flaw of focusing on the Verbund concept to lock in customer loyalty is it makes social pressure less of a final end consumer pressure and more of an industry pressure which in the end may not affect sales. In not hurting sales the decision to drop BASF is less of an issue of end unit sales and more of an internal issue of efficiency. Companies like Dow and DuPont often add their name to products in advertising. One example is LineX. LineX is a truck bed liner that is spray applied. This product uses BASF chemicals yet it is DuPont that benefits from co branding with LineX. LineX advertises on their website the following ââ¬Å"LineX, fortified with DuPont Kevlarâ⬠. This co-branding is getting the name DuPont and their product Kevlar out to the end consumer. Thus if the customer is happy with the bed liner they may be happy with a product like ââ¬Å"Suave shampoo with DuPont thickening agentâ⬠when it should be ââ¬Å"Suave shampoo with BASF thickening agentâ⬠. This co-branding would broaden BASFââ¬â¢s evoked set and lock in customer relationships. BASF should capitalize on their success more publicly. The successes of BASF can only be found through their website. These high points in the story of BASF would help establish the confidence that a purchasing group would have in dealing with a stable successful company like BASF. One last recommendation would be to sponsor more events. Dow and DuPont get much of there brand awareness from the sponsorship of events like racing. BASF does a limited amount of this and mostly on a divisional basis. Sponsoring events would get the BASF name out there making it more of an everyday name than it is today. Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-20901941673547167422020-02-13T11:37:00.001-08:002020-02-13T11:37:03.440-08:00DQ1 Week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsDQ1 Week 1 - Essay Example This essentially means that an ordinary Internet search will miss out on the vast resources hidden within the deep Web. To appreciate the importance of the deep Web one has only to look at Bergman (2001) findings. To begin with, the deep Web is not only 400 to 550 times larger than the surface Web but is also the largest growing category of new information on the Internet. Also, Bergman (2001) argued that the deep Webââ¬â¢s content quality surpasses that of the surface Web by a factor ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 times. Most of all this content is highly relevant to most information needs. This element of relevance to most information needs implies that both academia and business should find access to the deep Webââ¬â¢s resources important. The worldââ¬â¢s biggest search engine, Google was conceived by Sergey Brin and Larry Page when they faced difficulty in finding relevant academic data in the then early Web. Access to relevant, current and quality information is the crux of academia. With conventional search engines accessing only about 16% of the information available on the World Wide Web (LaGuardia Community College 2012) academic researchers risk losing out on a vast resource of information-rich literature content. This is especially true given Lewandowski and Mayr (2006) findings that: firstly, more and more scholarly content are being provided on the Internet and secondly, that researchers are increasingly consulting general-purpose Internet search engines to retrieve these scholarly documents. In addition to this on-going digitization projects are contributing to the continuous growth of the Invisible Web. In light of this, Academia the importance of accessing the deep Web to academia cannot be gainsai d. Researchers have no option but to devise better tools and techniques to enable better and greater access into this information-rich ââ¬Å"portalâ⬠of knowledge referred to as the deep Web. On the other hand, business Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-79574515224025032552020-02-01T08:09:00.001-08:002020-02-01T08:09:02.495-08:00City states Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsCity states - Research Paper Example Most assuredly, a city-state enjoys unconditional sovereignty, regulating its own taxes, has its own budget, and represents itself independently at the United Nations. However, the level of governance varies from one city-state to another. The ancient Greece had various city-states that were sovereign. Other ancient city-states include Athens, Thebes, Corinth, Megara, Argos, and Sparta (Martin Web). Currently, the numbers of sovereign city-states is low and include Vatican City, Monaco, and Singapore. Indeed, Singapore was initially a member of the federal kingdom of Malaysia. However, it is now sovereign. Assuredly, Vatican City doubles as a city-state and the smallest country in the world since 1929. It entails the central city of Rome that equally serves as the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. Its president is the Pope (Parker 52-58). On the other hand, the boundary of Monaco doubles as the boundary of the city-state. Nevertheless, we have other city-states that are not sovereign. For example, Germany has three city-states that include Bremen, Berlin, and Hamburg (Parker 132-136). A mayor heads the three city-states. In addition, Austria has a federal state named, Vienna. The British colony of Gibraltar i s also another city-state in the United Kingdom. In Pakistan, we have a city-state called the colony ofà Gwadar City. Indeed, city-states fall under sovereign states, federally administered cities, cities that are component states of federations, and cities under international supervision like Danzig. It is a hard fete to claim a country. Indeed, there is no universal way of claiming a country. However, according to the provisions of Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, a state should have mandatory four qualifications (The Globe and Mail Web). These qualifications include a permanent population that defines a group Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-89523019547305702112020-01-24T04:33:00.001-08:002020-01-24T04:33:03.995-08:00Argumentative Essay: Gun Control Violates The Second Amendment of the Constitution :: Second Amendment The Right To Bear ArmsCivilian ownership of firearms has for more than two hundred years been the very cornerstone upon which the liberty of the public has been supported. The very reason that Americans have never suffered a tyranny on the scale of Nazi-Germany has been due to the proliferation of firearms in the hands of the general public. The Second Amendment to the Bill of rights of the United States Constitution states "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." In order to understand that right, the modern reader must understand the semantics of the eighteenth century. The term "Well Regulated" meant well trained according to James Madison, the principle author of the Constitution. The term militia, according to the Militia Act of 1792, referred to all able-bodied male citizens. The meaning then of the Second Amendment is made quite clear. It is meant to serve as a chain upon the government to prevent the infringement of government power upon the Civil Liberties of Americans. Further proof of this can be seen in a quote from George Madison. "I ask, Sir, What is the Militia? It is the whole people, except for a few public officials." (George Madison, Three Elliot, Debates at 425-426). R ichard Henry Lee, in his Additional Letters from the Federal Farmer of 1788 stated, "A militia, when properly formed, are in fact the people themselves.and include all men capable of bearing arms." Title Ten section 331 of the U.S. code states "The Militia of the United States consists of all able bodied men at least seventeen years of age." The founding fathers of the United States believed that government is a necessary evil. They wrote the Bill of Rights, as stated earlier, to serve as a chain, which would limit government power over its citizens. Civilian ownership of firearms would, in the founding fathers' view, be the " American Peoples' liberty teeth." (George Washington). This is to say that, despite attempts by some hypothetical future government to impose a tyranny, the American people would be able to resist it without armed force. The same founding fathers had only thrown off the yoke of tyranny during the revolution. They knew full well the value of an armed citizenry in fighting off tyranny. The minutemen assembled at Lexington and Concord to prevent the Royal Fusiliers from seizing the munitions of the militia as General Gage had ordered (Order of General Gage, April 18,1775). Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-71102652585881665832020-01-16T00:57:00.001-08:002020-01-16T00:57:03.848-08:00Questions and Answers about Marriage and Same-Sex UnionThe two articles delve into the contemporary debate of same sex union. The first one presents the conservative orthodox view of the Catholic faith on same sex union while the second article presents an unorthodox view which is more liberal and accepting. Both article advocate a stand on the same issue and aims to spread the good news of their stand. The two articles tackle the issue of same sex union by giving their own definition of marriage.The orthodox view argues that marriage, as instituted by God, is a faithful, exclusive, lifelong union of a man and a woman joined in an intimate community of life and love and that same sex union is an altogether different thing from marriage since it does not fit the definition. They say that it is not based on the natural complementarity of male and female; it cannot cooperate with God to create new life; and the natural purpose of sexual union cannot be achieved by a same-sex union.The liberal view points otherwise saying that Marriage can b e defined as the unique and special form of committed friendship and this does not say that the persons have to be heterosexually attracted, thus people of the same sex can still be married. This contrasting view is an interesting point for further comparison and contrasting. Both authors use the bible as their authoritative source of arguments. The USCCB in sum claims that what is right is what is written in the bible, Prof.Maguire on his part claims that the bible as a historical account is not an account of what is right, it sometimes contain accounts which recommends what should not be done as depicted by the lesson of particular stories like in the stories about slavery. The liberal view purports that many Catholic theologians agree now with Protestant and Jewish theologians that same sex unions can be moral, healthy, and holy and that many Catholic people are living in same sex unions and adopting children and still practicing their Catholic faith however .While the USCCB cont inues to campaign against the equation of same sex unions to marriage and urges followers to keep their opinions in line with the teachings of their faith and of the bible. While using almost the same source, the bible and the interpretation of the word of God, both authors argue in different directions both of which does not directly rebut each other. Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-61904559944461696872020-01-07T21:18:00.001-08:002020-01-07T21:18:04.383-08:00The Importance Of Ancient Literature - 700 Words Essentially when we think about studying literature, especially literature that is centuries old, thoughts such as ââ¬Å"why is this important or how does this relate to me?â⬠arise. Although someone is not going to relate to every piece of writing they read, literature still has plenty to offer. For example, take the course textbook; The Norton Anthology of World Literature. All the excerpts in the book are thousands of years old, so yes, it is possible that one could read the entire text and not relate to single printed word on a personal level. However, there is also the historical context to consider. Ancient literature is almost like a door to the past or in more modern context, a time machine; as it offers us a way to study cultures longâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Conscious finally returned to Lu and lived out his life as a teacher, gathering a considerable following. The Analects were not written by the master, but by his disciples several generations after his passin g. The Analects discuss topics such as, filial piety (respect for oneââ¬â¢s elders), government, and the importance of self-improvement. A prevalent theme throughout several of them is the importance of education and the pursuit of knowledge. Here are a few examples: ââ¬Å"In the old days, people studied to improve themselves. Now they study in order to impress othersâ⬠(14.24). Meaning, one should study to enhance their life, not to impress colleagues. ââ¬Å"Learning is like a chase in which, as you fail to catch up, you fear to lose what you have already gainedâ⬠(8.17). There is a plethora of topics to research and analyze, thus it is not humanly possible to know or understand everything. One should utilize education to enrich their life, not to compete with others. When studying, one should expand upon current knowledge, instead of attempting to learn an unfamiliar topic. As Confucius says to Zigong, ââ¬Å"Do you think that I am someone who learns a lot of things and then stores them all up?â⬠Confucius responds with, ââ¬Å"I have one single thread on which to string them all.â⬠In other words, when striving to gain new knowledge, relate it to knowledge already attained by ââ¬Å"stringingâ⬠everything together. Relating new information to old can also help one improve uponShow MoreRelatedGreek Material Culture1348 Words à |à 6 Pagessay, and prove, that Greek material culture reveals an immense amount about ancient Greek society. From vast studies and examinations of the great ancient Greek architecture, the immaculate fine art and literature and even the personal possessions and crafts of the societies own inhabitants, one can reason that these materials reflect much about ancient Greece and its people. From studying the architecture of this ancient society, one can assume various things about its inhabitants such as beliefsRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek Contributions602 Words à |à 3 PagesAncient Greek Contributions Ancient Greece forged many of the contributions seen in western civilizations. One of the most influential contributions is literature. Those contributions where very important then and still are today. 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In clearly stated/particular terms Wisdom is related to Creation and with Redemption in both Testamentsas an illustration of its importance in overall (saving or protectingRead MoreAncient Greek And Romes Impact On Western Literature1642 Words à |à 7 Pagesculture had on western civilization The ancient Greeks and Romans were two of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. The two civilizations thrived in their ancient environments which eventually led to a large amount of wealth within these two cultures. It is because of this that these ancient cultures were able to make a variety of advancements in literature, architecture, art and many other fields. These two civilizations also produced some of the ancient worldââ¬â¢s greatest leaders and philosophers Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-91873324570503785372019-12-30T17:44:00.001-08:002019-12-30T17:44:03.477-08:00Please Read Chapter 10 and Answer the Following Questions Please read chapter 10 and answer the following questions: 1. (Varieties of Oligopolies) do the firms in an oligopoly act independently or interdependently? Explain your answer. 2. (Price Leadership) why might a priceââ¬âleadership model of oligopoly not be an effective means of collusion in an oligopoly? * Price leadership practices violate US anti-trust laws. * The more differentiated the product is, the less effective price leadership is as a means of collusion. * There is no guarantee firms will follow the leader forcing the leading firm to reduce prices. * Cheating may occur. * A new entry can destabilize the price leaders positionâ⬠¦ -If a price leader in an oligopolistic market sets price and output in orderâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦If both students sign the statement, each will receive an ââ¬Å"Fâ⬠for the course. If only one signs, he is allowed to withdraw from the course while the other student is expelled. If neither signs, both receive a ââ¬Å"Câ⬠since the professor does not have sufficient evidence to prove cheating. Which outcome do you expect? Why? * Prisonersââ¬â¢ Dilemmaâ⬠¦ * In this case, both students will probably confess if theyââ¬â¢re coherent about life. Why? Because each Student gets a better payoff by confessing no matter what the other the student does. Student #1 thinks, ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t know what student # 2 is going to do, so if I confess itââ¬â¢s the best way to keep myself from getting expelled. If he keeps quiet, I get a ââ¬Å"Câ⬠. Yet if he confesses, I get expelled instead of receiving an ââ¬Å"Fâ⬠for the course.â⬠In other words, confessing is the only way to keep the other Student from being able to get me expelled. 5.(Market Structures) Determine whether each of the following is a characteristic of perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and/or monopoly: a. A large number of sellers /â⬠¦ Perfect competition b. Product is a commodityâ⬠¦/ Government Monopoly (Utility) c. Advertising by firmsâ⬠¦/ Oligopoly d. Barriers to entryâ⬠¦ / Monopoly e. Firms that are price makersâ⬠¦/a monopoly is a price maker as it holds a large amount of power over the price it charges. 6. OPEC is theShow MoreRelatedWeek Three Discussion1061 Words à |à 5 PagesType your name here Before you begin, save this document to your computer. You will need to submit your answers in the area indicated below. | As a member of a medical professional team, you will work closely with many physicians. As you have read this week, guarding the physician-patient relationship is serious business.In this assignment you will practice what you have learned in chapters 5 and 7 in the Medical Law and Ethics textbook: * Federal privacy laws that pertain to healthcare and theRead MoreSdffdgdfgfdg1230 Words à |à 5 Pagesuse of the scientific methods in sociology, analysis of social relationships, groups, institutions, population systems of control, and social change. REQUIRED READING SOC: 2013 Updated, 3rd ed., Witt, McGraw Hill, 2013. ISBN# 978-0078026744 Please see current textbook prices at www.gloucestercc.bncollege.com EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT Grading Distribution |Exams (2) |2@ 100 points each=200 pointsRead MoreEssay on AllenAprilME1415 Wk3 Assign Worksheet V630 Words à |à 3 Pagesï » ¿ Before you begin, save this document to your computer. You will need to submit your answers in the area indicated below. As a member of a medical professional team, you will work closely with many physicians. As you have read this week, guarding the physician-patient relationship is serious business. 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Once you have this document ready, you will be able to answer and implement all of the formatting issues that are common to papers in your nursing classes ââ¬âthis is an important assignment for you! You may print a copy of this to write in your answers, but you must complete the form in WORD so that it may be uploaded into the Dropbox for scoring.Course Outcomes:This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes:CO #1: Implement skills for successful scholarshipRead MorePrecious1153 Words à |à 5 PagesNote: Precious (part 1) and Precious (part 2) are two separate assignments with different dues dates, even though both sections are presented in this single document. Please check the Course Calendar for the different due dates. Precious (part 1) consists of questions 1-11. Precious (part 2) covers questions 12-27. PART ONE Chapters 1 2: Review 1. How does rational choice theory help explain why some economically marginalized people, who feel caught in a cycle of poverty from which there isRead MoreReligion 111 Syllabus Essay4050 Words à |à 17 Pagescultural settings. --Performance on graded exams/quizzes. -- Study questions -- Questions of the Week --Identify the various literary genres present in the Old Testament. --Performance on graded exams/quizzes. -- Study questions --Identify aspects of the different moral, ethical, and theological messages of the Old Testament. --Completion of research project. --Performance on graded exams/quizzes. -- Study Questions -- Questions of the Week --Develop an interpretive framework through theRead MoreEssay On Bid Day1568 Words à |à 7 Pagesorg/members and navigating to More Resources Chapter New Member Chairman â⬠¢ Event Planning Form (if any portion of event is held away from campus or the chapter facility.) o Can be found after logging into www.kappa.org/members and navigating to More Resources Chapter New Member Chairman KeyReports Chapter Reports Event Planning Actions Submit Event Planning Form â⬠¢ Driver Responsibility Form (if activity is within 20 miles of the chapter facility and members are driving to and from venueRead MoreSyllabus1681 Words à |à 7 Pagesrelation to the study of race and ethnicity in the United States. Course Requirements: 1). Response Papers (25%): Students will write response papers (1.5 pages or more, double spaced, 12 inch font, and typed), based on the readings of each chapter (not summaries, but more like short essay feedback-more explanation in class). The responses should address the readings and include some quotes and page numbers. It should be clear, to me, what exactly in the readings you haveRead MoreLeadership1244 Words à |à 5 Pages* Course Term Research Paper MAN2021 Research Paper.pdfà à ***IMPORTANT*** LEADERSHIP, the topic of this paper, is covered in Chapter 10 of the text. It is to your benefit to read Chapter 10 before we cover it in the course in order to start your paper early. MAN 2021 Principles of Business Management Course Research Paper 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to enable you to apply the concepts and ideas that you learn in class. Its intention is to complement your understanding Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-85489030473970165622019-12-22T13:32:00.001-08:002019-12-22T13:32:02.767-08:00Love And Its Fleeting Properties - 2722 Words Love and Its Fleeting Properties Love has quite the reputation in todayââ¬â¢s world. For all of time it has been a phenomenon that was once unexplained, and even now that science has some answers, it is often regarded as magic. A little girl watches countless movies about a princess and prince who fall in love and live happily ever after. She grows up with the core belief that she will have a similar fate. Some point in her life, she will find ââ¬Å"the oneâ⬠and everything will fall into place. No more searching. Boys are not exposed to the concept of love until later on, but nevertheless they come to the same conclusion: one meeting, fall in love, get married, endless happiness. People are convinced that love is real and it lasts forever. Does it,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The first stage is lust. Lust is the feeling one experiences when they see an attractive person who peaks their interest, and immediately becomes the object of their desire. The second stage is attraction. When someone is in this st age, the majority of their thoughts are consumed by the other person. This is what is considered to be ââ¬Å"head over heelsâ⬠for someone. The individual cannot sleep at night, and their appetite may even diminish. There are a group of monoamines, which are neurotransmitters that play a role. These chemicals are familiar to many people. The first is dopamine, the neurotransmitter that is also released when someone consumes caffeine or nicotine. Dopamine levels are also raised by the use of certain illegal substances, as well as alcohol. This surge of dopamine is what leads to addiction. When it comes to love, the higher levels of dopamine when one is falling in love with another person causes them to become ââ¬Å"addictedâ⬠to that person and their affection. The second is norepinephrine aka adrenaline. When norepinephrine is released, the heart rate increases and sweating is induced. At the same time, it ââ¬Å"which heightens attention, short-term memory, hyperactivity, sleeplessness and goal-oriented behavior. In other words, couples in this stage of love focus intently on the relationship and often on little elseâ⬠(Howstuffworks.com). On top of the clouds with little else on their minds, the person in love Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-37851111803412830862019-12-14T10:01:00.001-08:002019-12-14T10:01:06.492-08:00The Forbidden Game The Chase Chapter 6 Free Essays string(93) " maybe if he sees heââ¬â¢s got human competition, heââ¬â¢ll get a little more motivated\." It was that psychic,â⬠Dee said promptly. ââ¬Å"She looked like a case of peroxide on the brain to me.â⬠ââ¬Å"No,â⬠said Michael. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now ââ¬Å"You know what it really is?â⬠Jenny thought he was going to make a joke, but for once he was serious. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s battle fatigue. Weââ¬â¢ve all got it. Weââ¬â¢re stressed to the max, and weââ¬â¢re seeing-and hearing-things that arenââ¬â¢t there.â⬠It was the next day. They were all sitting on the grassy knoll-all but Tom, of course. Jenny was surprised that Zach had shown up. After what sheââ¬â¢d said to him at lunch yesterday, sheââ¬â¢d have thought heââ¬â¢d have withdrawn from them all. But he was in his place, long legs folded under him, ashy-blond head bent over his lunch. Jenny herself had no appetite. ââ¬Å"The calls werenââ¬â¢t hallucinations,â⬠she said. It was all she could do to keep her voice steady. ââ¬Å"Okay, the last one might have been a dream-I woke up my parents screaming, and they said they didnââ¬â¢t hear the phone ring. But the other times-I was walking around, Michael. I was awake.â⬠ââ¬Å"No, no, Iââ¬â¢m not saying the phone calls arenââ¬â¢t real. Iââ¬â¢m saying the phone rang, and maybe somebody even whispered something at you-or maybe it was just static-but you imagined what it was saying. You put your own interpretation on the sounds. You didnââ¬â¢t hear vanished until the psychic said vanished, right?â⬠ââ¬Å"Yes,â⬠Jenny said slowly. In the bright May sunshine, the terror of last night seemed less real. ââ¬Å"But-it wasnââ¬â¢t like imagining it. I heard the sounds the first time when the phone rang at school, and in the end they came clear. And the word made sense. Not vanished, but famished-it fit in with those eyes.â⬠ââ¬Å"But thatââ¬â¢s just why you imagined it.â⬠Michael was waving a box of Cracker Jack, warming to his subject. ââ¬Å"Maybe imagined isnââ¬â¢t the right word. See, your brain is like a modeling system. It takes the input it gets from your senses and makes the most reasonable model it can from it. But when youââ¬â¢re really stressed, it can take that input-like somebody whispering nonsense on the phone-and make the wrong model out of it. Your brain hears something that isnââ¬â¢t there. It seems real because it is real-to your brain.â⬠Dee was frowning, clearly not liking the idea of not relying on her brain. ââ¬Å"Yes, but it isnââ¬â¢t real.â⬠ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s as real as any of the other models your brain makes all day. Like-last night I was doing homework in my living room, and my brain made a model of a coffee table. Thatââ¬â¢s what it thought of the images my eyes were showing it. It took wood and rectangular and matched that with coffee table, and I recognized it. But if I was really stressed, I might see wood and rectangular, and my brain might make a model of a coffin. Especially if Iââ¬â¢d been asleep or if I was already thinking about coffins. See?â⬠Jenny did, sort of. ââ¬Å"But the coffin still wouldnââ¬â¢t be real,â⬠Dee argued. ââ¬Å"But how could I tell? ââ¬Å"Easy. You could touch it-â⬠ââ¬Å"Touchingââ¬â¢s just another sense. It could be fooled, too. No, if a modelââ¬â¢s good enough, there would be no way to tell it wasnââ¬â¢t real,â⬠Michael said. It made sense, Jenny thought. It was like the dog yesterday evening. Sheââ¬â¢d been jumping at shadows because she was so frightened. She sat back on the grassy knoll and let out a deep breath. The knot in her stomach had eased slightly-and now she could worry about other things. Like Tom. As long as he wasnââ¬â¢t there, things wouldnââ¬â¢t be right. The others were talking around her. ââ¬Å"-we covered about half the streets yesterday,â⬠Dee was saying, ââ¬Å"but we didnââ¬â¢t find anything-â⬠ââ¬Å"I found blisters,â⬠Michael put in. ââ¬Å"And if I keep missing my kung fu classes Iââ¬â¢m not going to live through the next competition,â⬠Dee finished. ââ¬Å"You think youââ¬â¢ve got problems? I found scratches all over the hood of the Spider this morning,â⬠Audrey said. ââ¬Å"Daddyââ¬â¢s going to kill me when he sees it.â⬠She told the story of the dog that had followed them. Michael spilled his Cracker Jack in triumph. ââ¬Å"You see? More modeling,â⬠he said. But Audrey pushed down her designer sunglasses with one finger to stare over them. ââ¬Å"Jenny?â⬠she said. ââ¬Å"Whatââ¬â¢s wrong?â⬠They were all looking at her. Jenny could feel her lips tremble slightly, but she tried to sound off-hand. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s just-Tom and I had a fight. And we sort ofâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ She shrugged. ââ¬Å"Well, I donââ¬â¢t know if weââ¬â¢re together anymore or not.â⬠They all stared as if sheââ¬â¢d said the world was ending in a few minutes. Then Michael whistled and ran his hands through his hair, rumpling it even more wildly. Dee, who normally scorned anything to do with romance, put a slender, night-dark hand on Jennyââ¬â¢s arm. Audreyââ¬â¢s eyebrows were hiked up into her spiky copper bangs. Zach shook his head, a distant flicker of ice in his winter-gray eyes. Audrey was the first to recover. ââ¬Å"Donââ¬â¢t worry, chiri,â⬠she said, taking the sunglasses off and snapping them into a case briskly. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s not permanent. Tom just needs some stirring up. Guys need to be reminded of their place every so often,â⬠she added with a severe glance at Michael, who spluttered. ââ¬Å"No. It wasnââ¬â¢t a regular fight. It was about him-Julian. He thinks I belong to Julian or something, like one of those horrible old movies. Bride of the Devil. He thinks heââ¬â¢s lost me already, so why compete?â⬠She told them about it as best she could. Audrey listened, her narrowed eyes turned in the direction of the English building. Suddenly her lips curved in a catlike smile. ââ¬Å"Clearly, drastic measures are called for. And I have an idea,â⬠she said. ââ¬Å"What idea?â⬠Audrey nodded toward the building. Taped to the brick was a large poster reading: Come to the Midnight Masquerade. ââ¬Å"Voila.â⬠ââ¬Å"Voila?â⬠Jenny said blankly. ââ¬Å"The prom. Brian Dettlinger. Yesterday. Remember?â⬠ââ¬Å"Yes, but-ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"You said Tom thinks he canââ¬â¢t compete with a demon lover. But maybe if he sees heââ¬â¢s got human competition, heââ¬â¢ll get a little more motivated. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 6" in category "Essay examples"â⬠Jenny stared at her. It was crazy-and it just might work. ââ¬Å"But I told Brian no. Heââ¬â¢ll have another date by now.â⬠ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t think so,â⬠Audrey hummed. ââ¬Å"I got the dirt from Amy Cheng yesterday in algebra. Brian dumped Karen Lalonde to ask you.â⬠Jenny blinked. Karen Lalonde was the head cheerleader. Beautiful. Brilliant. Magnetic. ââ¬Å"He dumped her-for me?â⬠ââ¬Å"Theyââ¬â¢ve been on the rocks for a while. Karenââ¬â¢s been seeing Davoud Changizi on the side. But Brian put up with it until now.â⬠ââ¬Å"But-ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"Listen to me, Jenny. After what Tomââ¬â¢s done, who can blame you for looking elsewhere? Besides, youââ¬â¢ll probably have a great time-itââ¬â¢s Brian Dettlinger, for heavenââ¬â¢s sake. I tell you what; Iââ¬â¢ll even go with you. I know I can rustle up a date somewhere.â⬠Michael yowled in protest. ââ¬Å"What?â⬠ââ¬Å"Now, Michael, donââ¬â¢t fuss. Iââ¬â¢m not going fox fun; itââ¬â¢s like Motherââ¬â¢s charities-all for a good cause, Donââ¬â¢t you want Jenny and Tom to get back together?â⬠Michael was spluttering again. But Dee was grinning her wildest grin. ââ¬Å"Go on, Sunshine,â⬠she said. ââ¬Å"Make it happen.â⬠Zach crumpled his lunch sack, looking bored with the whole situation. ââ¬Å"Now, come on,â⬠Audrey said. ââ¬Å"If we hurry, we should be able to find him before the bell rings. Allez! This will be easy.â⬠It was. Brian looked surprised when Jenny walked up-but a light went on in his eyes. Seeing that light, Jenny suddenly knew that he hadnââ¬â¢t found another date. It was odd having a senior look at her like that. Suddenly Jenny wondered again if it was fair to do this. She thought about Abaââ¬â¢s maxims, the ones Deeââ¬â¢s grandmother had taped to the mirror in her bathroom. A simple hand-lettered sign saying: Do no harm. Help when you can. Return good for evil. In the Game Jenny had understood how necessary those maxims were if the world wasnââ¬â¢t going to become the kind of place Julian said it was. Sheââ¬â¢d resolved to live by them. This didnââ¬â¢t seem to fit. But it was too late now. Audrey was talking with Brian, teasing him, letting him know what Jenny was there for. It was all being arranged. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢ll pick you up at seven,â⬠Brian was saying, and there was something like excitement in his face. He was looking at her eyes, at her hair across her shoulders. She could hardly tell him sheââ¬â¢d changed her mind now. ââ¬Å"Fine,â⬠Jenny said weakly and let Audrey lead her away. What have I done? I donââ¬â¢t even have a dress-The bell rang. Jenny, Michael, and Audrey had algebra together, then Jenny went to computer applications. That was where Michaelââ¬â¢s theory about brain modeling was put to the test. It started with the keyboard fouling up. Jennyââ¬â¢s partner was absent, so she was alone at her computer, a glacier-slow IBM clone. She was typing in her name when the I key stuck Sheââ¬â¢d barely touched it with her right index finger, but the Js went on and on across the line. They got to the right margin and went on, got to the edge of the screen and went on. The screen scanned right and the rest of Jennyââ¬â¢s document moved jerkily to the left, disappearing She stared in horror, her first thought that sheââ¬â¢d broken the computer. Jenny loved computers, unlike Dee who hated technology, but she had to admit there was something a little odd about them, a little unnerving. As if things might happen unexpected!) there on screen. When she was a kid, after a day of playing with her dadââ¬â¢s PC, Jenny had sometimes had dreams of bizarre scenes and impossible games appearing on the monitor. As if a computer wasnââ¬â¢t just a machine but some kind of connection that could hook into the unknown. Now her eyes widened as the Js went on. On and on and on. That wasnââ¬â¢t right-that couldnââ¬â¢t be. Where was word wrap? The letters should just fall down onto the next line. They didnââ¬â¢t. They kept going. A line of s hitting the edge of the screen and then ebbing back as the screen scanned right, then surging to the edge again. Like a snake. Or something pulsing.p Jennyââ¬â¢s little fingers were tingling; there was a crawling between her shoulder blades. This was wrong. She had a dreadful feeling of the physical distance the line of Js had traveled. It was as if she were out in space somewhere, far to the right of her original document-and going on farther. She was lost somewhere in virtual space, and she was terrified of what she might see there. JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Jenny had been pressing Escape continuously since the key had stuck. Now she hit Enter to put in a hard return, to break the line. Nothing happened. WJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Oh, God, what was out here? What were the s heading for? Something miles to the side of her original document, something that just couldnââ¬â¢t be there because there wasnââ¬â¢t room for it. She was beyond any possible margins. It was like sailing over the edge of the world.p She scrambled in her mind for the screen rewrite code, hit that. Nothing. She stabbed at the Break key. Nothing. Then, teeth sunk in her lip, she pressed Control/Alt/Delete. The combination should have rebooted the computer. It didnââ¬â¢t. The s sailed on.p The screen glowed a deep and beautiful blue. Jenny had never noticed before just how blue that screen really was. A color vivid beyond imagining. The white s surged on and on. Jenny had a physical sense of falling. She was out too farâ⬠¦.p She reached out and did something the computer teacher had threatened them with death for doing she flipped the main switch of the computer off. Depriving it of electricity, killing it in the middle of a program. Crashing it deliberately. Only it didnââ¬â¢t crash. The switch was off, the CPU light was off-but She 7s kept on going, pulsing and surging. Jennyââ¬â¢s breath stopped. She stared in disbelief. Her hand went to the monitor and fumbled frantically with the monitor switch. It clicked under her fingers; the monitor light went off. ââ¬Å"What are you doing?â⬠the girl to the left of her gasped. The monitor still glowed blue. The Js sailed on, Jenny yanked the keyboard out of the socket. She had to stop this. Something was going terribly, unimaginably wrong, and she had to stop those h before â⬠¦ ââ¬Å"Ms. Godfrey!â⬠the girl to the left of her cried. ââ¬Å"Ms. Godfrey, Jennyââ¬â¢s-ââ¬Å" Jenny had just an instant to see what happened next. Even with the keyboard detached, the 7s kept going-or at least she thought they did. It was hard to tell because everything happened so fast. There was a bright flash-the screen going blindingly white -and a blue afterimage printed on her retinas. Then the monitor went dark. So did the lights in the room-and all the other computers. ââ¬Å"Now see what you did,â⬠the girl beside her hissed, Jenny sat, scarcely breathing. Pulling out the keyboard cord couldnââ¬â¢t have caused a blackout. Even crashing her computer shouldnââ¬â¢t have done that. The room wasnââ¬â¢t totally dark, but it was very dim; the windows were tinted to protect the equipment. Impressed on the dimness Jenny saw pinwheels and filaments of glowing blue. Oh, please, she thought, holding herself as still as possible. She could feel her heart beating in her throat. Then she heard-something-from underneath the computer tables. Soft as a match strike, but audible. A moving sound, like a rope being dragged. Like something sliding across the floor. Toward her. Jenny twisted her head, trying to locate it. The teacherââ¬â¢s voice seemed distant. The sliding sound was getting closer, she could hear it clearly now. Like a dry leaf blowing across pavement. Starting and stopping. Surging. Like the s. Coming straight for her legs.p It was almost here. Almost was under her table. And she couldnââ¬â¢t move; she was frozen. She heard a hiss like static. Like white noise. Or ââ¬â Something brushed her leg. Jenny screamed. Released from her paralysis all at once, she jumped to her feet, beating at her leg. The thing brushed her again, and she grabbed at it, throttling it, trying to kill it- -and found herself holding the keyboard cord. It must have fallen over the edge of the table when she yanked it out, and dangled there. Jenny was holding on to its spiraling length so tightly that she could feel dents in her palms. This close she could see it clearly. Just a cord. The lights went on. People were gathering around her, putting their hands on her, asking questions. Itââ¬â¢s just your brain making models, she told herself desperately, ignoring everyone else. The computer malfunctioned and you freaked. You heard static when the power went off, and you freaked more and made it into a hiss. But it wasnââ¬â¢t real. It was just models in your brain. ââ¬Å"I think youââ¬â¢d better go home for the day,â⬠Ms. Godfrey said. ââ¬Å"You look as if you could use some rest.â⬠ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢ve got it figured out now,â⬠she said to Michael that night. ââ¬Å"It must have been something to do with the UPS-the uninterruptible power supply. Thatââ¬â¢s a kind of battery that keeps the computers going when the power goes out.â⬠ââ¬Å"Oh, right,â⬠said Michael, who knew very little about computers but would never admit it. ââ¬Å"Thatââ¬â¢s what kept the computer going, but then somehow I managed to blow the whole system,â⬠Jenny said. ââ¬Å"That knocked the power out, and all the rest of it was in my mind.â⬠ââ¬Å"You must have looked pretty funny holding that cord,â⬠Michael said. They talked about what had happened to him and the others that afternoon. He and Dee and Audrey had gone postering together and had covered most of the area between Ramona and Anchor streets. They hadnââ¬â¢t found anything. Jenny told him what sheââ¬â¢d told Dee and Audrey earlier. She was okay now. Sheââ¬â¢d slept all afternoon. Her mother had wanted to take her to the doctor, but Jenny had said no. She was very proud of herself for realizing it had all been in her mind. She planned to stay calmer in the future. ââ¬Å"Well, thatââ¬â¢s good,â⬠Michael said. His voice sounded surprisingly weak for somebody whose theory had been confirmed. ââ¬Å"Uh, Jenny-ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"What?â⬠ââ¬Å"Oh, nothing. See you tomorrow. Take care of yourself.â⬠ââ¬Å"You, too,â⬠Jenny said, a little startled. ââ¬Å"Bye.â⬠Michael stared at the cordless phone heââ¬â¢d just clicked off. Then he glanced uneasily at his bedroom window. He wondered if he should have told Jenny -but Jenny had enough to worry about. Besides, there was no reason to do anything to tarnish his own brilliant theory. It was just battle fatigue, and he was as subject to it as anyone else. Stress. Tension. In his own case combined with a rather nervous temperament. Michael had always claimed to be an unashamed coward. That would account for the feeling heââ¬â¢d had all day of being watched. And there was nothing really moving outside that window. It was a second-floor apartment, after all. Audrey stretched in her Christian Dior nightgown and deposited herself more haphazardly across the peach satin sheets. Even after forty-five minutes in the Jacuzzi her feet hurt. She was sure she was getting calluses. Worse, she couldnââ¬â¢t shake the strange sensation sheââ¬â¢d had ever since this afternoon. It was the feeling Audrey usually had when entering a room-of eyes on her. Only these eyes today hadnââ¬â¢t been admiring. They had been watchful-and malicious. Sheââ¬â¢d felt as if something were following her. Stalking her. Probably just the remnants of yesterdayââ¬â¢s fright, There was nothing to worry about-she was safe at home. In bed. Audrey stretched again and her mind wandered. Eyesâ⬠¦ hmm. No eyes now. Cââ¬â¢est okay. Va bine. She slept. And dreamed, pleasantly. She was a cat. Not a repulsive scroungy cat like Jennyââ¬â¢s, but an elegant Abyssinian. She was curled up with another cat, getting a cat-bath. Audrey smiled responsively, ducking her head, exposing the nape of her neck to the seductive feeling. The other catââ¬â¢s tongue was rough but nice. It must be a big cat, though, she thought, half-waking. Maybe a tiger. Maybe-With a shriek Audrey bolted straight up in bed, She was awake-but she could swear the sensation had followed her out of the dream. She had felt a rough tongue licking her neck. She clapped a hand to the back of her neck and felt the dampness there. A strange, musky smell filled the room. Audrey almost knocked the bedside lamp over getting it turned on. Then she stared around wildly, looking for the thing that had been in her bed. Dee woke with a start. At least she thought she woke-but she couldnââ¬â¢t move. Someone was leaning over her. The room was very dark. It shouldnââ¬â¢t have been, because Dee liked to sleep with the window open, the curtains drawn back. Breathing fresh air, not the stale refrigerated stuff that came out of the air conditioner. Tonight she must have forgotten to open the curtains. Dee couldnââ¬â¢t tell because she couldnââ¬â¢t move her head. She could only see what was directly above her-the figure. It was a thick darkness against the thinner darkness of the room. It was a human shape, upside-down because it was leaning over from the headboard side. Deeââ¬â¢s heart was pounding like a trip-hammer. She could feel her lips draw back from her teeth savagely. Then she realized something horrifying. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 6, Essay examples Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-499369099748830432019-12-06T06:25:00.001-08:002019-12-06T06:25:03.431-08:00Cooking Method free essay sample INTRODUCTION In this assignment I will learn about a few types of cooking method and the arts of seasoning and flavoring. There are two major types of cooking method which is Moist Heat Method and Dry Heat Method. We will write a custom essay sample on Cooking Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moist Heat Method refers to a technique that involve of liquid in cooking food. This technique depends on whether it is steam, water, stock, wine or some other liquid. The temperature for this kind of method is much lower in between of 60à °C to 100à °C. There are several types of cooking method that have been listed under Moist Heat Method which are poaching, simmering, boiling, steaming, braising, and stewing. Meanwhile, Dry Heat Method refers to any kind of cooking technique where the heat is transferred to the food without using any moisture. This technique usually involves high temperature of 150à °C or hotter than that. Roasting, baking, grilling, broiling, pan-frying, sauteing, and deep-frying are example of Dry Heat Method. Furthermore, there are a few kind of cooking technique that involves Moist Heat and Dry Heat Method. This kind of technique may begin with Moist heat Method and followed by Dry Heat Method. For example braising and stewing. These two techniques involve the combination of both cooking method. For the second question, I will learn about the arts of seasoning and flavoring. Seasoning can enhance the natural taste of most foods without changing the original flavor. Salt is the main seasoning agent in the culinary arts. Herbs and spices also include in seasoning. In the meantime, flavoring is added to the food to modify the original flavor of the food. Flavoring is a substance that we used in altering the food causing it to give a sweet, sour, or tangy taste. CONCLUSION What I have learned from this assignment is there are a few types of cooking method. For example like Moist Heat Method. In this kind of technique I have learned a few basic cooking skills which are poaching, simmering, boiling, steaming, braising, and stewing. The technique that has been used in this kind of cooking method is mostly the same. From what I know, Moist Heat Method will involve liquid either water, stock or other kinds of liquid. Meanwhile for Dry Heat Method, I have learned that this kind of cooking method is no moisture was involved in cooking process. We also used high temperature in this method. A few basic cooking skills that used Dry Heat Method are roasting, baking, grilling, broiling, pan-frying, sauteing, and deep-frying. And most of the cooking methods have a similar process. Moreover, I have learned that there are few technique of cooking process that involve in the combination of Moist Heat and Dry Heat Method. In this technique, we must cook the food by using the Moist Heat Method then followed by Dry Heat Method. Other than that, the time consuming in cooking food by using this method is much longer rather than other technique and it can take about 5 to 6 hours to complete the cooking process. Besides that, I have learned that the food that is not cooked in the right ways will lose its nutrients. Other than that, we can improve the quantity and quality of nutrients of the food if we used the correct cooking method. For the arts of seasoning and flavoring, I have learned that seasoning and flavoring is very important in improving the quality of the taste of food that we cooked. The seasoning that we used is to lighten up the taste of the food without changing its original flavor. Meanwhile, for flavoring we used it to give a different flavor to the food and completely flavoring is used to change the original flavor of the food. Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-1479949666230948572019-11-28T23:53:00.001-08:002019-11-28T23:53:03.430-08:00Across Five Aprils Essays (801 words) - Torah, Jethro, Across Five Aprils Across Five Aprils This Newberry award nominated book, written by Irene Hunt, tells the story of the home life of her grandfather, Jethro, during the Civil War. Not only does it give a sense of what it is like to be in the war but also it really tells you exactly what the men leave behind. Jethro is forced to make hard decisions, and face many hardships a boy his age shouldn't have to undergo. This is an admirable historical fiction book that leaves it up to the reader to decide if being at home was the superior choice or if being a soldier in the war was. The setting of this book was especially essential to the plot. The story takes place in Southern Illinois during the American Civil War, from April of 1861 to April of 1865, hence the title Across Five Aprils. These Illinoisans were a scattered group of people basically made up of women, men, and children who moved there from the south. This created a lot of controversy when the Confederate states secede from the Union. Because of their upbringing many families had fathers fighting sons and brothers fighting brothers. The hostility in the towns in Illinois made even the best of friends become the worst of enemies. Characters also play a very important role in this book. Jethro Creighton is the main character in the novel. He is the youngest in his family, a mere nine years old. He was an intelligent boy who enjoyed reading and liked school very much. This probably had something to do with the fact that Shadrach Yale taught his class. Mr. Yale Moved to Illinois from Philadelphia. Jethro listened to everything Shad taught and told him. Shad admired Jethros spirit and pleasure in learning. Although Shad liked Jethros company, he loved Jennys even more. Jenny was Jethros sister. She helped Jethro in the fields, and made dinner. Her and Jethro shared basically everything including laughter. The only thing Jenny did not want to share was her letters from Shadrach. Shad and Jenny were in love, and all Jethro had to do was mention Mr. Yales name and Jenny would blush. Although Jethro knew he could talk to Jenny about anything, he preferred confiding in his brother Bill. Bill, like Jethro, liked school and had a love for learning. He took the time and thought all his decisions out carefully. He always did what he thought was right. Even if that meant that he would fight against Shad, his cousin, and even his brothers in the American Civil War. He supported the Confederate states proudly. This book is about how a family adjusts and basically survives during the Civil War. Jethro, who is used to the company of his brothers and his cousin in the field, takes on most of the chores around the house and the farming. All in all you could say that his family was a Union supporter with the exception of Bill, who fought for the Confederacy. Tom, Eb, Shad, and Jim all leave and fight for the Union. Even though more family members are on the northern side, the people in the town consider everyone in the Creighton family copperheads. They go as far as burning their barn down, and dumping oil in there well. The rest of the story reveals who lives, who dies, and how the family deals with each difficulty. The way Irene wrote the book was very appealing and it added to the storys historical significance. She wrote it in the slang type of dialect that they used in that time and place. She went on to include a letter that Jethro wrote the president, and the actual letter that Abraham Lincoln wrote back. There were two major purposes that were made obvious while reading this book. The first, and most important theme was one stating that families should stick together. This theme was brought out several times during the story. The most obvious was when Jethro first went to town and he was being told that his family was nothing more then copperheads because of the choice only one of his brothers had made. Paraphrasing Jethro said something to the affect of Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-68868988102422261562019-11-25T07:27:00.001-08:002019-11-25T07:27:04.915-08:00Free Essays on Patterns Of Natureââ¬Å"In both the arts and sciences, the programmed brain seeks elegance, which is the parsimonious and evocative description of pattern to make sense out of a confusion or detail.â⬠- Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. I have always been amazed by the patterns of nature: The spirals of a shell, the symmetry of a snowflake, and the petals of a flower, just to name a few. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the structures of plant and animals alike seem to obey mathematical laws. The Utah Museum of Natural History in partnership with The University of Utah is currently exhibiting ââ¬Å"The Nature of Pattern: Selections from the Permanent Collection of the Utah Museum of Natural History. Exhibited in The Gallery at Library Square, Main Salt Lake City Library, Level Four, from January 22 ââ¬â March 12, 2005. The collection is exhibited in a single, large room. Six separate Plexiglas display cases fill the room, each measuring approximately 3x3x3, each placed on a square, wooden base approximately four feet high. The display cases are located in the center of the room and are arranged in two rows, each row three cases deep, with adequate walking space between them. The cases contain items from the natural world. One contains a geometric patterned fluorite cube, whose pattern is controlled by the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral. Another contains a beautiful display of the spirals of ammonite fossils (an extinct group of mollusks that died out at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 65 millions years ago). We also find a display of cone shells, which demonstrate the simple yet elegant patterns produced by an animal confined within this kind of space. They grow only from one end, widening and lengthening in the same proportion. A different disp lay case contains the skull of a big horn sheep, proving that even in an animal we can detect the growth patterns of its h... Free Essays on Patterns Of Nature Free Essays on Patterns Of Nature ââ¬Å"In both the arts and sciences, the programmed brain seeks elegance, which is the parsimonious and evocative description of pattern to make sense out of a confusion or detail.â⬠- Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. I have always been amazed by the patterns of nature: The spirals of a shell, the symmetry of a snowflake, and the petals of a flower, just to name a few. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the structures of plant and animals alike seem to obey mathematical laws. The Utah Museum of Natural History in partnership with The University of Utah is currently exhibiting ââ¬Å"The Nature of Pattern: Selections from the Permanent Collection of the Utah Museum of Natural History. Exhibited in The Gallery at Library Square, Main Salt Lake City Library, Level Four, from January 22 ââ¬â March 12, 2005. The collection is exhibited in a single, large room. Six separate Plexiglas display cases fill the room, each measuring approximately 3x3x3, each placed on a square, wooden base approximately four feet high. The display cases are located in the center of the room and are arranged in two rows, each row three cases deep, with adequate walking space between them. The cases contain items from the natural world. One contains a geometric patterned fluorite cube, whose pattern is controlled by the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral. Another contains a beautiful display of the spirals of ammonite fossils (an extinct group of mollusks that died out at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 65 millions years ago). We also find a display of cone shells, which demonstrate the simple yet elegant patterns produced by an animal confined within this kind of space. They grow only from one end, widening and lengthening in the same proportion. A different disp lay case contains the skull of a big horn sheep, proving that even in an animal we can detect the growth patterns of its h... Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-2635198626136367932019-11-21T14:51:00.001-08:002019-11-21T14:51:02.710-08:00Some Patterns of Paragraph Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsSome Patterns of Paragraph Development - Essay Example pets feed on a special diet that the owners fully budget for and higher personal veterinary doctors, who monitor and keep a close check on the petsââ¬â¢ health. The unique treatments highlighted are the exact treatments parents give their children to show affection and love to them. Since the pets receive treatment in a similar manner as children, it is, therefore, justifiable to conclude that people treat pets like surrogate children. In the social media for instance, there exist several pages created using the petââ¬â¢s names for profiles. The owners of the pets buy gifts for them and organize anniversary celebrations after they die. Driving should be subject to utmost keenness and concentration. Most reckless drivers have caused more incidences of road accidents in several instances. The drivers fail to abide by the set traffic rules that should guide driving in the specific state. The failure to observe such rules causes accidents leading to massive loss of lives. For instance, some of the drivers take alcohol on duty. Alcohol reduces a driverââ¬â¢s alertness and visibility while driving. The result is an increasing in the number of traffic related accidents. Such accidents are avoidable by the drivers following the traffic rules to the latter. Deliberate assumption and ignorance of the regulation leading to loss of life is foolishness. Such foolishness makes the driversââ¬â¢ actions unbelievable. Tobacco use is the principal cause of preventable health hazards, disabilities, and premature death in most states. Smoking leads to the development stroke and coronary heart diseases. Passive smokers are the indirect users of tobacco who inhale the exhaled smoke that the active smokers smoke out. Smoking leads to lung cancer and lung-related diseases like emphysema and bronchitis. The diseases have no definite treatment or cure, hence making tobacco a serious health peril. The passive smokers are at a higher risk of contracting the smoking related diseases and health Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-32170510879562003842019-11-20T14:50:00.001-08:002019-11-20T14:50:05.270-08:00Ethics and the college student Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsEthics and the college student - Research Paper Example At this age someone develops good habits and by repeatedly doing the habits, they grow in an ethical way (Paul & Elder, 2006). Conversely, ethical habits can also be developed from the teaching someone acquires from the taught rules for example cleaning hands after visiting the washroom, not spitting around, covering the mouth while coughing. All these and many others are rules taught in the society thus when someone learns them, they tend to develop the ethical habits derived from them. When one gets to high school, there are those habits a high school student is supposed to have for example, completing assignments and attending all classes as well as following rules. Therefore, a student will develop the ethical habits dictated by the environment they are in which is the learning (Paul & Elder, 2006). There are also those ethics that can be obtained from establishing new habits. For instance someone can establish a habit of ensuring that they will never do a punishment or cross the wrong side of the law. Such a person will always do what is right so as to ensure they do not get punished. These are the ethics observed according to the area of study for instance medical ethics for health students, business ethics for business ethics and engineering ethics for engineering students (Paul & Elder, 2006). This kind of ethics help one in improving their performance in that field as well as determining what is right to do in that field. Educational ethics also help in shaping the student to perform morally in the place of work for example being responsible. This is dictated by the knowledge of what is morally good to do. It is this type of ethics that enables a person to determine their mode of dressing, the activities they do in public as well as the language they use to communicate (Paul & Elder, 2006). This ethics also dictates how one Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-36608708610555761162019-11-18T12:01:00.001-08:002019-11-18T12:01:02.719-08:00Heat transfer in a water-water heat exchanger Lab ReportHeat transfer in a water-water heat exchanger - Lab Report Example The heater and main switch was turned on and the water temperature controller was set at 60oc.The hot water flow rate and cold water flow rate were set to 50g/sec and 15g/sec respectively. The flow rates and stream temperature were monitored making sure that there was temperature stabilization and there was no drift of flow rate. The temperatures were then recorded in the table with the following headings; Repeat with cold water flows of;25g/sec,40g/sec and set the hot water temperature to 40oc and repeat step 2 and 3 The cold water supply was interchanged and the horse connection was returned. At this point, the exchanger had been configured with co-current flow. There was a single set readings made with hot water at 60oc, Vhot=50g/sec and Vcold=40g/sec. The results were recorded in the table The energy gained by cold stream Qc and energy lost from the hot stream was calculated for each run with the use of equations 1 and 2 in the theory sections. It was noted that the indicated flow values V, was to be multiplied by 0.001 to give mass flows (F) in S.I unit of Kg s-1 Basing on the results, it was observed that when the flow rate of the cold water was increased in the first 3, the T6 that is the midpoint also increased. The reading for T1 was never the same as the initial temperature. It is evident that heat transfer rate could be calculated with the use of heat transfer coefficient log mean temperature difference and total area (Shah and Joshi 1987; Gnielinski 1976). The same kind of results is seen to hold for counter flow and parallel heat exchangers whereby there is change in temperature for both fluids. It is not easy to analyze the cross-flow heat exchangers and there is a good estimation to the actual condition when the log mean temperature difference is used in case one stream never changes to a large extent in terms of temperature (Techo, Tickner and James 1965; Moffat 1988). It is not easy to solve heat exchanger problems in Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-2803916287156921642019-11-16T00:33:00.001-08:002019-11-16T00:33:07.481-08:00Factors That Affect The Achievement Of The Operational Excellence Business EssayFactors That Affect The Achievement Of The Operational Excellence Business Essay One of the most competitive industries in the world is the pharmaceutical industry. For a long time, the operation of the pharmaceutical companies has been subject to scrutiny, especially by the government of each country of operation. The underlying reasons for the strict attention include: the cost of medicines and drugs available for purchase, the reduced life cycle of product development, the technological advancements which impact operations and the nature of the health care systems. Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry, like other businesses, is affected by factors such as the issues of human resources development and sensitivity to culture and diversity. In fact, they all have influenced the birth of the new and improved meaning of operational excellence. The increasing demands for an improved productivity and manufacturing costs have been the growing concern of pharmaceutical companies today. The need to meet the fast changing needs of the market for a much higher standard and quality drugs has also resulted to increased expectations not only from the consumers but from all stakeholders (suppliers, investors, employees and the government). However, the quest for a much potent product is a very significant issue. The common goal is to reduce the attrition rate in bringing new medicines in the market as well as in creating a fair and efficient standard in choosing the best pharmaceutical company to award the patent. As more and more consumers are becoming concern of the drug s its short-term efficacy and its long-term side effects, marketing for the drug has also become more innovative and active. In this view, the operational processes and engineering for pharmaceutical product has come to a new level. Introduction The old adage Health is Wealth is generally true nothing can be more valuable than being healthy and alive. The objective of the government of every country around the world to provide its public with health care services has been notable but still incomplete and unsuccessful. Not only the poor and underdeveloped countries are the ones having problems with high medical costs and insurances but even the developed or economically strong countries. There are many factors that contribute to the inability of the government to properly provide for its people in terms of health care, for one, the health service is truly an expensive part of man s need to live and the costs of services are high because medical equipments are expensive not mentioning the maintenance cost of every hospital. Hence, the need to secure the health benefits of the people has become the motivating factor for the government to present in an agenda, its health objectives for the American Nation. Statement of the Problem The pharmaceutical business is one of the most important industries in the world. The benefits people gain from the results of research and development conducted by the pharmaceutical firms, which include discoveries of the cures for many diseases, and the lessening time required to treat the patient that lead to saving of lives, cannot be equated with money. Even the wealthiest person on earth gets sick and requires medicine. Sick people and their families are happy whenever they learn that there is a cure for their diseases and that their lives are lengthened by the healing power of medicine. However, with the high cost of production, stiff competition, and the ever-changing government legislations, pharmaceutical companies are facing major challenges. While the time to bring the pharmaceutical product in the market quickens, the risk involved in the cost recovery and industry survival increases for many pharmaceutical companies. In this view that the selected problem is titled: Ac hieving Operational Excellence in the Pharmaceutical Industry. The selected research problem evaluates the operational and engineering processes used by the pharmaceutical companies. Achieving operational excellence requires that pharmaceutical companies understand the factors which may affect their operations, such as the changing human resources relative to cultural diversity and manpower outsourcing, the impact of the environmental factors, which may include changing government legislations, market trends and future opportunities and threats and the future trends, operational systems, collaborative efforts (merging, tie-ups, etc.) that will all make a difference in the midst of heavy competition and highly selective customers. The selected statement of the problem hopes to reveal the possible solutions to the challenges and in the end provide a wider perspective based on the data presented, evaluated and analyzed. Purpose of the Study The goal of this research is to find out the relevant factors that affect the achievement of the operational excellence of the firms in the pharmaceutical industry. It also hopes to learn and understand what makes a successful pharmaceutical company and how operational excellence can be achieved. Significance of the Study The findings of this research will serve as useful information on understanding the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. Readers will also have a full view of the pharmaceutical industry from its begging up to the current time. Researchers of the same issue will have a concrete basis of analyzing and evaluating for the same. Pharmaceutical companies will have a wider perspective of the industry where they exist, providing them with more information useful in the creation of marketing strategies and operational upgrades. The government will also benefit from this research because, it will present a different interpretation of the key factors affecting the pharmaceutical industry. Research Questions This paper looks into the following issues: (1) How should the current pharmaceutical industry be described in terms of: a. Operational processes and engineering; b. Pharmaceutical technology; c. New product development, Research and development; and Product life cycle; d. Production systems (total quality management, total productive maintenance, etc.); and e. Factors that characterize operational excellence (best practices)? (2) How are performances evaluated? a. The Porter s diamond concept in a pharmaceutical setting (3) What are the challenges of achieving operational efficiency in view of: a. Sensitivity to culture and diversity with respect to a unified corporate thinking; b. Globalization; and c. Human resources development? (4) What are the expected future trends? Background Pharmaceutical firms are categorized according to the nature of their business operations: they are the research-based firms; manufacturing-based firms and a combination of research-based and manufacturing-based firms. Characterized by its two distinct functions: research and development (RD), and manufacturing, the pharmaceutical industry was reported as a $600 billion worth of sales in the year 2006 (economywatch). Specifically, there was a 7 per cent increase on the sales of prescription medicines worldwide or a total of $602 billion based on the report of some major pharmaceutical and medical information firms. These pharmaceutical firms are either, primarily engaged in Research and Development (RD) alone, studying diseases and advancing drugs and medicinal potency while other firms focus on the drug manufacturing process. Large, financially-able and world renowned pharmaceutical companies engaged in both activities. The US is considered as having the number one pharmaceutical market and an increasing trend in the pharmaceutical industry all over the world. According to statistics the highest recorded annual sales of pharmaceutical products and services in the US alone is $252 billion and increases at around 5.7 per cent annually (economywatch). According to a pharmaceutical industry report, the leading countries in the world in terms of potential market are India, China and the United States. The report specifically stated that: The report proved that there is an increasing demand and market for the pharmaceutical industry because of the increasing health awareness of the people all over the world. Literature Review Market intelligence data from IMS Health, a research company providing on pharmaceutical and healthcare industries proved that: in 2002, the estimated worldwide sales for prescription drugs was about $400 billion; and that the United States expenditure on prescription drugs in 2002, was roughly 200 billion dollars which accounted for approximately half of all sales worldwide. But despite this high costs, the United States ranked as the 21st rate on infant mortality in the world, way below Greece and South Korea and only a bit higher in Poland. Also, the United States ranked at the 17th rate in terms of life expectancy all over the world. The research agency also reported that in 2008, the US prescription drugs sales had amounted to a whopping $291 billion dollars every year (sourcewatch). In this view, the challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry around the world are enormous (Sherk). One of the main reasons is the pressure of bringing down the prices of medicines and drugs that are considered contributive to the escalating costs of the health care services (Sherk). The cost of health care in the United States is generally double compared to other developed countries in Europe such as Britain, France and Germany. (yahoonews) Furthermore, the United States has reportedly spent 7, 290 dollars per person in the year 2007 but provided no meaningful advantage in terms of quality of care, and placed far behind the averages in the key indicators such as the infant mortality and life expectancy rate compared to the previously mentioned countries. The proposed healthcare reform in the United States, includes the evaluation of the drug costs and the possibility of creating legislations that will regulate the operations of pharmaceutical companies. Research Design The research design that will be used to evaluate and answer the selected problem titled: Achieving Operational Excellence in the Pharmaceutical Industry is qualitative research. The decision to use the qualitative research design was based on the following factors: limited time available, and also, the use of secondary data. In order to answer the general and specific questions, the researcher uses the descriptive research as a type of qualitative method of research. The researcher gathers secondary data from previous researches, statistical reports, surveys, demographic information, and online resources. The data gathered are listed, sorted and analyzed in order to answer the problems undertaken. Findings The following are the findings that were gathered using secondary information, specifically from previous researches, statistical reports, and other sources. (1) How should the current pharmaceutical industry be described in terms of: (a) Operational Processes and Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry Drug Approval and Registration Process As implemented by the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, the strict compliance of the law should be observed in all stages of the operational process and engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry, primarily, in the registration (FDA, 2010) The Food Drug Administration (FDA) s fundamental mission is protect the public health is the collection of this information, which is used for important activities such as post-market surveillance for serious adverse drug reactions, inspection of drug manufacturing and processing facilities, and monitoring of drug products imported into the United States. Comprehensive, accurate, and up-to-date information is critical to conducting these activities with efficiency and effectiveness. (FDA, 2010) (b) Process Analytical technologies (PAT) One of the new systems that are being used in the pharmaceutical industry is known as the Process Analytical technologies (PAT). The term Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) has been used to describe a system for designing and controlling manufacturing through timely measurements (i.e. during processing) of critical quality and performance attributes for raw and in-process materials and also processes with the goal of ensuring final product quality. The PAT initiative focuses on building quality into the product and manufacturing processes, as well as continuous process improvement. (pharmainfo.net) c) Industry Operating Procedures The pharmaceutical industry, just like other industries uses the US standard of Accounting GAAP (irs.gov). Pharmaceutical companies have to apply for the registration of their newly discovered drugs or medicines. Before a drug can be tested in people, the drug company or sponsor performs laboratory and animal tests to discover how the drug works and whether its likely to be safe and work well in humans. Next, a series of tests in people is begun to determine whether the drug is safe when used to treat a disease and whether it provides a real health benefit. The process must be based on the steps set by the Food and Drug administration of the country of operation. The development and Approval Process of Drugs in the United States is believed to be the safest and the most advanced pharmaceutical system in the world. Another unique operational process used by the pharmaceutical companies is in the area of marketing. Unlike, the traditional selling and buying area of many products, selli ng drugs is a very complicated issue. Before companies can sell drugs, they have to seek approval and license from the FDA. Marketing in the pharmaceutical industry is commonly through salesmen. (2) How are performances evaluated? Porter s Five Forces of Industry Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry has high barriers to entry, primarily because capital is huge in this business. The need to allocate heavily on research and development is highly important if one will enter this industry, not mentioning high threat from government policies, and longer or no return on investment. The supplier power has low impact because material supplies are solely for pharmaceutical companies alone, and shelf life of chemicals is longer than any ordinary supplies. Buyer power depends on the kind of medicine being produced, if the medicine has no other substitute, then buyer power is low, and vice versa. The threat of substitutes is also low in the pharmaceutical industry, because although generics have been gaining popularity and acceptance, still, many consumers believe branded medicines are more effective. In terms of competitive rivalry, the pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. Mullins (2006) reported that the industry was overpopulated and not one company has more than 5 percent market share. In addition, market growth rate is also minimal. (3) What are the challenges of achieving operational efficiency in view of (a) Sensitivity to culture and diversity with respect to a unified corporate thinking; (b) Globalization and (c) Human resources development. The changing landscape of business due to the forces of the new and changing environment have become the major influences in the manner in which leading function in the organization is done today. Unlike the traditional leadership process, global leadership extends its functions to new horizons and length that increased values for businesses, hence an increased risks. Leaders are more flexible and multi-skilled today. Thus, new business horizons that offer new and improved opportunities are available for global leaders to take advantage of. With the right attitude and qualifications, success in the business is possible for global leaders. The secrets however, lie on the ability of the leader to understand these new concepts and challenges. Human Resource Management or HRM is an activity that is focused on recruiting, managing and developing the people in an organization. This function also deals with the issues regarding employee compensation, hiring, performance evaluation, safety, development, wellness, communication, training and development. The human resource management in the organization plays a big role in making strategic and coherent approach to managing the company s most important asset; its people. The HRM function is seen by most companies as a major contributing factor in aligning specific assignment to the employee s capabilities. In doing so, the company will be able to efficiently achieve its goals at a minimum required resources. Factors that affect staffing and staffing turnover are considered to be a big problem faced by human resource managers. Pinkerton (2001) made an effort to know the reasons that influence the staffing needs of hospitals. The answers vary depending on the hospital, the top thr ee include, teamwork or no teamwork/unit cohesiveness, chaos factors impacting the delivery of nursing care and effectiveness of communication. The factors affect staffing which can be categorized under external and internal. The external factors include the level of education, the prevailing attitudes in society (the kind of attitude toward work), the many laws and regulations that directly affect staffing, the economic conditions, and the supply of and demand for the manpower outside the enterprise. Organizational goals, tasks, technology, organization structure, the kinds of people employed by the enterprise, the demand for and the supply of managers within the enterprise, the reward system, and various kinds of policies are the internal factors which may affect staffing. For example, the use of high technology in most industries requires extensive and intensive education and training. The organization s ability to effect change is largely affected by the organizational culture because it serves as the basic nature and characteristics of the whole organization. Where organizational culture is deep seated and forms underlying subcultures, it is more difficult to change and therefore sets a more challenging role for leaders who want to implement change in the organization. The tendency to resist change is higher when organizational culture is more cohesive and more symbolical. Since the organization comprises of people that have different behaviors, talents, skills, knowledge, values, personality and many other differences, working together they come on terms to manage each other s differences. Culture is the behavior which formed when the people in the organization meet and agreed verbally and nonverbally and creates rule for doing the task. (Heathfield) Diversity The diversity in the organization was previously seen as a negative factor, but in today s environment where change is inevitable, it adds up to the company s flexibility in order to survive the competition in the market. In an organization where diversity is high, the leader must understand and know how to deal with it and use them effectively as a competitive advantage. Nowadays, many organizations employ diverse group of employees because they want to create a unique culture which adds up to the value of the organizational workforce. Common diversities in the organization include racial mixes, foreign workforces, women on the job, and disabled workers. (4) What are the expected future trends? Major transformations are occurring in the delivery of healthcare worldwide. Medical and healthcare technologies are increasingly impacting the clinical as well as the administrative dimensions of healthcare care delivery. Innovations introduced in the last decade have created accumulated effects that will be compounded with the continuing technical progress in medicine. Areas such as telemedicine, telehealth, computerized medical records, e-health and use of the Internet in B2B and B2C applications in healthcare are some of the milestones in the almost total revamping of the healthcare landscape. Medical and healthcare technologies are already transforming the operations, design and mission of hospitals. In this regard, the challenges for the future are an exciting opportunity for study, reflection, planning, and intervention. Technology assessment (TA) arose in the mid-1960s from an appreciation of the critical role of technology in modern society and its potential for unintended, and sometimes harmful, consequences. Congress commissioned independent studies by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress that significantly influenced the development and application of TA. These studies and further congressional hearings led the National Science Foundation to establish a TA program and, in 1972, Congress to authorize the congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), which was founded in 1973, became operational in 1974, and established its health program in 1975. Another factor that is considered as a threat not only to pharmaceutical industry but all industries is the globalization. Globalization has been creating impacts to various industries and individuals. The possibilities associated with it are countless. Hence, it also poses higher threats to many. Globalization has influenced major transformations on the organizational structures, and the processes of firms whether locally or internationally operated. Globalization also redefined the functions and roles of the intermediaries. Distribution of products has become entirely dependent on the intermediaries. Companies are trying to lessen interaction costs and because of this, have outsourced services from other countries to take advantage of the economies of scale. Industrial sectors have to undergo extensive structural changes which become more visible in the sectors that are based highly on the advanced technologies. Examples include the car industry, pharmaceutical industry and the tel ecommunications, among others. Conclusions and Recommendations Based on this research study, there are several lessons which could be learned from the evaluation of and analysis performed in the pharmaceutical industry. Primarily, the safety and security of our lives depend on the ability of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and, CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the AMA (American Medical Association) and APA (American Pharmacists Association), to screen and select the safest medicine, drugs and vaccines. The criteria set should always and consistently be tested, proven, and communicated to all industry players. Second, the operations of the pharmaceutical companies are generally affected by the changes in the industry. The relative amount of information available in understanding or describing a situation can significantly help in making valuable decision regarding the business operation. Third, the threat on the human resources because of globalization is considered a very critical issue even in the pharmaceutical industry. In the situation where there is limited available resources, need is high for an effective HR planning. Maximizing employee performances through devising appropriate training is also vital to the needs of the company. The approach will also help in maximizing the return on investment of the any organization s human capital and minimizing the financial risk is the main objective of human resources. Finally, it should therefore be concluded that the operational excellence in the pharmaceutical industry will only be achieved when companies learn to adapt the changes and developments brought about by the globalization. Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-81328214408776358362019-11-13T13:03:00.001-08:002019-11-13T13:03:04.982-08:00Analysis of the Film, A Beautiful Mind Essay -- Film Movie EssaysAnalysis of the film "A Beautiful Mind" In the movie, "A Beautiful Mind", the main character, John Nash, is a mathematician who suffers from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is actually the most chronic and disabling of the major mental illnesses and it distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, interprets reality and relates to others. The movie, "A Beautiful Mind", John Nash, who is played by Russell Crowe, is a true story about a mathematician whose life is horrific because of his disease, schizophrenia. He was an egocentric man who studied Mathematics in Princeton University. During the whole time that he studied in Princeton, he was trying to come up with his own original idea. He felt that by only finding an original idea he will be important, because he thought that attending class was just a waste of time. He begins teaching when he eventually finds his original idea and wins a Nobel Prize in 1994. Then, he is recognized for being one of the best mathematicians in the world. John Nash attains his goal to find an original idea which was about competition. He went to a bar with his friends and in that bar, there is a blonde girl who all of his friends, including himself are attracted to and then he realizes a theory of competition and he explains it in mathematics. He realizes that none of the guys will get to be with the blonde girl and then after this happens, all the guys will go after her friends, and them too will turn all of them down, and so he realizes that none of the guys will get what they want. Statistics show that 1%, or about 2.2 millions Americans ages 18 or older will develop schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of Schizophrenia can be grouped into thre... ...ke care and be with her husband, but that was it. Also, the movie did not show anything about his family. There was not information about his parents and how they felt about him and/or his disease; his brothers and/or sisters' feelings towards him and/or his illness. In conclusion, John Nash was a very intelligent man not only because he was an excellent mathematician, but because he learned to cope with his disease and live a regular life. It was great that he won the Nobel Prize in 1994 because he deserved it for a lot of reasons. It was also nice that his wife did not give up on him and that she got to teach him what love is and that love is very important to one's life as he said in his acceptance speech when he received the Nobel Prize. Work Cited Page www.Webmd.com. "Schizophrenia." www.about.com. Encarta Encyclopedia. "Schizophrenia." Analysis of the Film, A Beautiful Mind Essay -- Film Movie Essays Analysis of the film "A Beautiful Mind" In the movie, "A Beautiful Mind", the main character, John Nash, is a mathematician who suffers from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is actually the most chronic and disabling of the major mental illnesses and it distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, interprets reality and relates to others. The movie, "A Beautiful Mind", John Nash, who is played by Russell Crowe, is a true story about a mathematician whose life is horrific because of his disease, schizophrenia. He was an egocentric man who studied Mathematics in Princeton University. During the whole time that he studied in Princeton, he was trying to come up with his own original idea. He felt that by only finding an original idea he will be important, because he thought that attending class was just a waste of time. He begins teaching when he eventually finds his original idea and wins a Nobel Prize in 1994. Then, he is recognized for being one of the best mathematicians in the world. John Nash attains his goal to find an original idea which was about competition. He went to a bar with his friends and in that bar, there is a blonde girl who all of his friends, including himself are attracted to and then he realizes a theory of competition and he explains it in mathematics. He realizes that none of the guys will get to be with the blonde girl and then after this happens, all the guys will go after her friends, and them too will turn all of them down, and so he realizes that none of the guys will get what they want. Statistics show that 1%, or about 2.2 millions Americans ages 18 or older will develop schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of Schizophrenia can be grouped into thre... ...ke care and be with her husband, but that was it. Also, the movie did not show anything about his family. There was not information about his parents and how they felt about him and/or his disease; his brothers and/or sisters' feelings towards him and/or his illness. In conclusion, John Nash was a very intelligent man not only because he was an excellent mathematician, but because he learned to cope with his disease and live a regular life. It was great that he won the Nobel Prize in 1994 because he deserved it for a lot of reasons. It was also nice that his wife did not give up on him and that she got to teach him what love is and that love is very important to one's life as he said in his acceptance speech when he received the Nobel Prize. Work Cited Page www.Webmd.com. "Schizophrenia." www.about.com. Encarta Encyclopedia. "Schizophrenia." Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6044735239670879529.post-49507800851110836602019-11-11T02:23:00.001-08:002019-11-11T02:23:04.688-08:00Chi-Square TestChi-Square Test Chi-square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20 offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know about the ââ¬Å"goodness to fitâ⬠between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors.How much deviation can occur before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to differ from the expected. The chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result. The formula for calculating chi-square ( [pic]2) is: [pic]2= [pic](o-e)2/e That is, chi-square is the sum of the squared differ ence between observed (o) and the expected (e) data (or the deviation, d), divided by the expected data in all possible categories.For example, suppose that a cross between two pea plants yields a population of 880 plants, 639 with green seeds and 241 with yellow seeds. You are asked to propose the genotypes of the parents. Your hypothesis is that the allele for green is dominant to the allele for yellow and that the parent plants were both heterozygous for this trait. If your hypothesis is true, then the predicted ratio of offspring from this cross would be 3:1 (based on Mendel's laws) as predicted from the results of the Punnett square (Figure B. ). Figure B. 1 ââ¬â Punnett Square. Predicted offspring from cross between green and yellow-seeded plants. Green (G) is dominant (3/4 green; 1/4 yellow). To calculate [pic]2 , first determine the number expected in each category. If the ratio is 3:1 and the total number of observed individuals is 880, then the expected numerical value s should be 660 green and 220 yellow. [pic] Chi-square requires that you use numerical values, not percentages or ratios. [pic] Then calculate [pic]2 using this formula, as shown in Table B. . Note that we get a value of 2. 668 for [pic]2. But what does this number mean? Here's how to interpret the [pic]2 value: 1. Determine degrees of freedom (df). Degrees of freedom can be calculated as the number of categories in the problem minus 1. In our example, there are two categories (green and yellow); therefore, there is I degree of freedom. 2. Determine a relative standard to serve as the basis for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. The relative standard commonly used in biological research is p ; 0. 05.The p value is the probability that the deviation of the observed from that expected is due to chance alone (no other forces acting). In this case, using p ; 0. 05, you would expect any deviation to be due to chance alone 5% of the time or less. 3. Refer to a chi-square distribution table (Table B. 2). Using the appropriate degrees of ââ¬Ëfreedom, locate the value closest to your calculated chi-square in the table. Determine the closestp (probability) value associated with your chi-square and degrees of freedom. In this case ([pic]2=2. 68), the p value is about 0. 10, which means that there is a 10% probability that any deviation from expected results is due to chance only. Based on our standard p > 0. 05, this is within the range of acceptable deviation. In terms of your hypothesis for this example, the observed chi-squareis not significantly different from expected. The observed numbers are consistent with those expected under Mendel's law. Step-by-Step Procedure for Testing Your Hypothesis and Calculating Chi-Square 1. State the hypothesis being tested and the predicted results.Gather the data by conducting the proper experiment (or, if working genetics problems, use the data provided in the problem). 2. Determine the expected numbers for each observation al class. Remember to use numbers, not percentages. [pic] Chi-square should not be calculated if the expected value in any category is less than 5. [pic] 3. Calculate [pic]2 using the formula. Complete all calculations to three significant digits. Round off your answer to two significant digits. 4. Use the chi-square distribution table to determine significance of the value. . Determine degrees of freedom and locate the value in the appropriate column. b. Locate the value closest to your calculated [pic]2 on that degrees of freedom df row. c. Move up the column to determine the p value. 5. State your conclusion in terms of your hypothesis. a. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p ; 0. 05, accept your hypothesis. ââ¬ËThe deviation is small enough that chance alone accounts for it. A p value of 0. 6, for example, means that there is a 60% probability that any deviation from expected is due to chance only.This is within the range of acceptable deviation. b. If the p value fo r the calculated [pic]2 is p < 0. 05, reject your hypothesis, and conclude that some factor other than chance is operating for the deviation to be so great. For example, a p value of 0. 01 means that there is only a 1% chance that this deviation is due to chance alone. Therefore, other factors must be involved. The chi-square test will be used to test for the ââ¬Å"goodness to fitâ⬠between observed and expected data from several laboratory investigations in this lab manual. Table B. 1 Calculating Chi-Square à |Green |Yellow | |Observed (o) |639 |241 | |Expected (e) |660 |220 | |Deviation (o ââ¬â e) |-21 |21 | |Deviation2 (d2) |441 |441 | |d2/e |0. 68 |2 | |[pic]2 = [pic]d2/e = 2. 668 |. |. | Table B. 2 Chi-Square Distribution |Degrees of | | |Freedom |Probability (p) | |(df) | | |à |0. 95 |0. 90 | Source: R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological Agricultural and Medical Research, 6th ed. , Table IV, Oliver & Boyd, Ltd. , Edinburgh, by permissi on of the authors and publishers.Main Page | Introduction and Objectives | Scientific Investigation | Experimental Procedures | Writing Procedures | Mendelian Inheritance |à Monohybrid and Dihybrid Exercises | Reference | Miscellaneous | Scientific Writing | Chi-Square Test | Graphing Techniques Chi-Square Test Chi-square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20 offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know about the ââ¬Å"goodness to fitâ⬠between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors.How much deviation can occur before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to differ from the expected. T he chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result. The formula for calculating chi-square ( [pic]2) is: [pic]2= [pic](o-e)2/e That is, chi-square is the sum of the squared difference between observed (o) and the expected (e) data (or the deviation, d), divided by the expected data in all possible categories. For example, suppose that a cross between two pea plants yields a population of 880 plants, 639 with green seeds and 241 with yellow seeds. You are asked to propose the genotypes of the parents.Your hypothesis is that the allele for green is dominant to the allele for yellow and that the parent plants were both heterozygous for this trait. If your hypothesis is true, then the predicted ratio of offspring from this cross would be 3:1 (based on Mendel's laws) as predicted from the results of the Punnett square (Figure B. 1). Figure B. 1 ââ¬â Punnett Square . Predicted offspring from cross between green and yellow-seeded plants. Green (G) is dominant (3/4 green; 1/4 yellow). To calculate [pic]2 , first determine the number expected in each category. If the ratio is 3:1 and the total number of observed individuals is 880, then the expected numerical values should be 660 green and 220 yellow. [pic]Chi-square requires that you use numerical values, not percentages or ratios. [pic] Then calculate [pic]2 using this formula, as shown in Table B. 1. Note that we get a value of 2. 668 for [pic]2. But what does this number mean? Here's how to interpret the [pic]2 value: 1. Determine degrees of freedom (df). Degrees of freedom can be calculated as the number of categories in the problem minus 1. In our example, there are two categories (green and yellow); therefore, there is I degree of freedom. 2. Determine a relative standard to serve as the basis for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. The relative standard commonly used in biological rese arch is p ; 0. 05.The p value is the probability that the deviation of the observed from that expected is due to chance alone (no other forces acting). In this case, using p ; 0. 05, you would expect any deviation to be due to chance alone 5% of the time or less. 3. Refer to a chi-square distribution table (Table B. 2). Using the appropriate degrees of ââ¬Ëfreedom, locate the value closest to your calculated chi-square in the table. Determine the closestp (probability) value associated with your chi-square and degrees of freedom. In this case ([pic]2=2. 668), the p value is about 0. 10, which means that there is a 10% probability that any deviation from expected results is due to chance only. Based on our standard p > 0. 05, this is within the range of acceptable deviation.In terms of your hypothesis for this example, the observed chi-squareis not significantly different from expected. The observed numbers are consistent with those expected under Mendel's law. Step-by-Step Proced ure for Testing Your Hypothesis and Calculating Chi-Square 1. State the hypothesis being tested and the predicted results. Gather the data by conducting the proper experiment (or, if working genetics problems, use the data provided in the problem). 2. Determine the expected numbers for each observational class. Remember to use numbers, not percentages. [pic] Chi-square should not be calculated if the expected value in any category is less than 5. [pic] 3.Calculate [pic]2 using the formula. Complete all calculations to three significant digits. Round off your answer to two significant digits. 4. Use the chi-square distribution table to determine significance of the value. a. Determine degrees of freedom and locate the value in the appropriate column. b. Locate the value closest to your calculated [pic]2 on that degrees of freedom df row. c. Move up the column to determine the p value. 5. State your conclusion in terms of your hypothesis. a. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p ; 0. 05, accept your hypothesis. ââ¬ËThe deviation is small enough that chance alone accounts for it. A p value of 0. , for example, means that there is a 60% probability that any deviation from expected is due to chance only. This is within the range of acceptable deviation. b. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p < 0. 05, reject your hypothesis, and conclude that some factor other than chance is operating for the deviation to be so great. For example, a p value of 0. 01 means that there is only a 1% chance that this deviation is due to chance alone. Therefore, other factors must be involved. The chi-square test will be used to test for the ââ¬Å"goodness to fitâ⬠between observed and expected data from several laboratory investigations in this lab manual. Table B. 1 Calculating Chi-Square à |Green |Yellow | |Observed (o) |639 |241 | |Expected (e) |660 |220 | |Deviation (o ââ¬â e) |-21 |21 | |Deviation2 (d2) |441 |441 | |d2/e |0. 68 |2 | |[pic]2 = [pic] d2/e = 2. 668 |. |. | Table B. 2 Chi-Square Distribution |Degrees of | | |Freedom |Probability (p) | |(df) | | |à |0. 95 |0. 90 | Frequency DistributionsOne important set of statistical tests allows us to test for deviations of observed frequencies from expected frequencies. To introduce these tests, we will start with a simple, non-biological example. We want to determine if a coin is fair. In other words, are the odds of flipping the coin heads-up the same as tails-up. We collect data by flipping the coin 200 times. The coin landed heads-up 108 times and tails-up 92 times. At first glance, we might suspect that the coin is biased because heads resulted more often than than tails. However, we have a more quantitative way to analyze our results, a chi-squared test. To perform a chi-square test (or any other statistical test), we first must establish our null hypothesis.In this example, our null hypothesis is that the coin should be equally likely to land head-up or tails-up ev ery time. The null hypothesis allows us to state expected frequencies. For 200 tosses, we would expect 100 heads and 100 tails. The next step is to prepare a table as follows. |à |Heads |Tails |Total | |Observed |108 |92 |200 | |Expected |100 |100 |200 | |Total |208 |192 |400 |The Observed values are those we gather ourselves. The expected values are the frequencies expected, based on our null hypothesis. We total the rows and columns as indicated. It's a good idea to make sure that the row totals equal the column totals (both total to 400 in this example). Using probability theory, statisticians have devised a way to determine if a frequency distribution differs from the expected distribution. To use this chi-square test, we first have to calculate chi-squared. Chi-squared = ? (observed-expected)2/(expected) We have two classes to consider in this example, heads and tails. Chi-squared = (100-108)2/100 + (100-92)2/100 = (-8)2/100 + (8)2/100 = 0. 4 + 0. 64 = 1. 28 Now we have to c onsult a table of critical values of the chi-squared distribution. Here is a portion of such a table. |df/prob. | Types of Data: There are basically two types of random variables and they yield two types of data: numerical and categorical. A chi square (X2) statistic is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another. Basically categorical variable yield data in the categories and numerical variables yield data in numerical form. Responses to such questions as ââ¬Å"What is your major? â⬠or Do you own a car? â⬠are categorical because they yield data such as ââ¬Å"biologyâ⬠or ââ¬Å"no. In contrast, responses to such questions as ââ¬Å"How tall are you? â⬠or ââ¬Å"What is your G. P. A.? â⬠are numerical. Numerical data can be either discrete or continuous. The table below may help you see the differences between these two variables. |à Data Type |à Question Type |Possible Responses | |à Categorical |à What is your sex? |male or female | |à Numerical |Disrete- How many cars do you own? |two or three | |à Numerical |Continuous ââ¬â How tall are you? |à 72 inches | Notice that discrete data arise fom a counting process, while continuous data arise from a measuring process.The Chi Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two (or more) independent groups. (note: Chi square tests can only be used on actual numbers and not on percentages, proportions, means, etc. ) 2 x 2 Contingency Table There are several types of chi square tests depending on the way the data was collected and the hypothesis being tested. We'll begin with the simplest case: a 2 x 2 contingency table. If we set the 2 x 2 table to the general notation shown below in Table 1, using the letters a, b, c, and d to denote the contents of the cells, then we would have the following table: Table 1. General notation for a 2 x 2 contingency table. Variable 1 à Variable 2 |à Data type 1 |à Data type 2 |à Totals | |à Category 1 |à a |b |a + b | |à Category 2 |à c |d |c + d | |à Total |a + c |b + d |a + b + c + d = N | For a 2 x 2 contingency table the Chi Square statistic is calculated by the formula: [pic] Note: notice that the four components of the denominator are the four totals from the table columns and rows. Suppose you conducted a drug trial on a group of animals and you hypothesized that the animals receiving the drug would show increased heart rates compared to those that did not receive the drug.You conduct the study and collect the following data: Ho: The proportion of animals whose heart rate increased is independent of drug treatment. Ha: The proportion of animals whose heart rate increased is associated with drug treatment. Table 2. Hypothetical drug trial results. |à |à Heartà Rate |à Noà Heartà Rate |Total | | |à Increased |à Increase | | |à Treated |à 36 |à 14 |à 50 | |à Not treated |à 30 |à 25 |à 55 | |à Total |à 66 |à 39 |à 105 | Applying the formula above we get:Chi square = 105[(36)(25) ââ¬â (14)(30)]2 / (50)(55)(39)(66) = 3. 418 Before we can proceed we eed to know how many degrees of freedom we have. When a comparison is made between one sample and another, a simple rule is that the degrees of freedom equal (number of columns minus one) x (number of rows minus one) not counting the totals for rows or columns. For our data this gives (2-1) x (2-1) = 1. We now have our chi square statistic (x2 = 3. 418), our predetermined alpha level of significance (0. 05), and our degrees of freedom (dfà =à 1). Entering the Chi square distribution table with 1 degree of freedom and reading along the row we find our value of x2 (3. 418) lies between 2. 706 and 3. 841.The corresponding probability is between the 0. 10 and 0. 05 probability levels. That means that the p-value is above 0. 05 (it is actually 0. 065). Since a p-value of 0. 65 is greater than the conven tionally accepted significance level of 0. 05 (i. e. pà >à 0. 05) we fail to reject the null hypothesis. In other words, there is no statistically significant difference in the proportion of animals whose heart rate increased. What would happen if the number of control animals whose heart rate increased dropped to 29 instead of 30 and, consequently, the number of controls whose hear rate did not increase changed from 25 to 26? Try it. Notice that the new x2 value is 4. 25 and this value exceeds the table value of 3. 841 (at 1 degree of freedom and an alpha level of 0. 05). This means that p < 0. 05 (it is now0. 04) and we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis ââ¬â the heart rate of animals is different between the treatment groups. When p < 0. 05 we generally refer to this as a significant difference. Table 3. Chi Square distribution table. probability level (alpha) |Df |0. 5 |0. 10 |0. 05 | |à A |à 10 |à 42 |à 52 | |à a |à 33 |à 15 |à 48 | |à Totals |à 43 |à 57 |à 100 |The penotypic ratio 85 of the A type and 15 of the a-type (homozygous recessive). In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes, however, we would have predicted a 3:1 ratio of phenotypes. In other words, we would have expected to get 75 A-type and 25 a-type. Are or resuls different? [pic] Calculate the chi square statistic x2 by completing the following steps: 1. For each observed number in the table subtract the corresponding expected number (O ââ¬â E). 2. Square the difference [ (O ââ¬âE)2 ]. 3. Divide the squares obtained for each cell in the table by the expected number for that cell [ (O ââ¬â E)2 / E ]. 4. Sum all the values for (O ââ¬â E)2 / E. This is the chi square statistic. For our example, the calculation would be: à |Observed |Expected |(O ââ¬â E) |(O ââ¬â E)2 |(O ââ¬â E)2/ E | |a-type |15 |25 |10 |100 |4. 0 | |Total |100 |100 |à |à | Suppose you have the following categorical data se t. Table . Incidence of three types of malaria in three tropical regions. |à |à Asia |Africa |South America |Totals | |à 14 |à 23. 04 |à 9. 04 |81. 72 |3. 546 | |à 45 |à 36. 00 |à 9. 00 |81. 00 |2. 5 | |à 2 |à 20. 64 |à 18. 64 |347. 45 |16. 83 | |à 5 |à 15. 36 |à 10. 36 |107. 33 |6. 99 | |à 53 |à 24. 00 |à 29. 00 |841. 00 |35. 04 | |à 53 |à 34. 40 |à 18. 60 |345. 96 |10. 06 | |à 45 |à 25. 60 |à 19. 40 |376. 36 |14. 70 | |à 2 |à 40. 00 |à 38. 00 |à 1444. 00 |36. 10 | Chi Square = 125. 516 Degrees of Freedom = (c ââ¬â 1)(r ââ¬â 1) = 2(2) = 4 Table 3.Chi Square distribution table. probability level (alpha) Df |0. 5 |0. 10 |0. 05 |0. 02 |0. 01 |0. 001 | |1 |0. 455 |2. 706 |3. 841 |5. 412 |6. 635 |10. 827 | |2 |1. 386 |4. 605 |5. 991 |7. 824 |9. 210 |13. 815 | |3 |2. 366 |6. 251 |7. 815 |9. 837 |11. 345 |16. 268 | |4 |3. 357 |7. 779 |9. 488 |11. 668 |13. 277 |18. 465 | |5 |4. 351 |9. 236 |11. 070 |13. 388 |15. 086 |20. 517 | |Reject Ho because 125. 516 is greater than 9. 488 (for alpha ââ¬â¢ 0. 05) Thus, we would reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between location and type of malaria. Our data tell us there is a relationship between type of malaria and location, but that's all it says.Follow the link below to access a java-based program for calculating Chi Square statistics for contingency tables of up to 9 rows by 9 columns. Enter the number of row and colums in the spaces provided on the page and click the submit button. A new form will appear asking you to enter your actual data into the cells of the contingency table. When finished entering your data, click the ââ¬Å"calculate nowâ⬠button to see the results of your Chi Square analysis. You may wish to print this last page to keep as a record. Chi Square, This page was created as part of the Mathbeans Project. The java applets were created by David Eck and modified by Jim Ryan. The Mathbeans Project is funded by a gran t from the National Science Foundation DUE-9950473. Roger Grangerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04508206979249055658noreply@blogger.com0